Epilepsy after congenital zika virus infection: EEG and neuroimaging features.

PURPOSE: To describe epilepsy after congenital Zika virus infection (ZIKV) and its relationship with structural neuroimaging findings. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in children (aged 13-42 months) who were born with microcephaly due to ZIKV infection between 2015-2017. Patients underwent a brain imaging scan (magnetic resonance) and a video-EEG study. RESULTS: Among the patients (n = 43), 55.8 % were male, 88.4 % were born at term, mean head circumference at the birth was 29.7 ± 1.8 cm, and 44.8 % were infected in the first trimester of pregnancy. Neuroimaging was moderately abnormal in 30.2 % and severely abnormal in 46.5 % of patients. Early seizures (<6 months of age) were observed in 41.9 %. EEG background was abnormal when asleep or awake in 72.1 % and during sleep in 62.8 %. The interictal epileptogenic activity was recorded on 41/43 of the EEGs and was predominantly multifocal (62.8 %). An ictal EEG was obtained in 22 patients and 31.8 % had more than one seizure type. Sleep EEG (background) patterns, interictal epileptogenic activity (p = 0.046), interictal discharge localization (p = 0.015), type of ictal epileptogenic activity (p = 0.002), and localization of ictal discharge (p = 0.024) were significantly different between neuroimaging groups. The mild neuroimaging group had a higher chance of having more frequently normal sleep EEG patterns, no interictal epileptogenic activity and a further increase in the probability of walking without limitations, and less neurodevelopment delay. CONCLUSION: In patients with congenital Zika virus syndrome, epilepsy tended to be early and refractory. EEG features correlated with degree of neuroimaging abnormalities.

Safety and seizure control in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy treated with regional superselective intra-arterial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a highly prevalent syndrome among people with epilepsy, and is usually refractory to drug treatment. Structural and physiological changes, such as hippocampal sclerosis, are often present in TLE patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of intra-arterial infusion of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) in adults with medically refractory mesial TLE (MTLE) and unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS). We enrolled 20 patients who had been diagnosed with MTLE-HS and were refractory to medical treatment. All patients underwent a neurological evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging with hippocampal volumetry, video-electroencephalography (EEG) with ictal recording, and a neuropsychological test battery focusing on verbal and nonverbal memory domains. After bone marrow aspiration and subsequent cell preparation, the BMMC were infused by selective posterior cerebral artery catheterization. Patients were followed for 6 months. Safety of the procedure, seizure frequency, neuropsychological evaluation, EEG variables, routine brain magnetic resonance imaging and hippocampal volumetry were considered measurements of outcome. Any serious intercurrent clinical event or adverse effects related to the procedure were reported. No additional lesions and no significant hippocampal volumetric changes were observed. EEG recordings showed a decrease in theta activity and spike density. At 6 months, eight patients (40%) were seizure free. A significant increase in the memory scores over time was observed. The BMMC autologous transplant for the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy is feasible and safe. The seizure control achieved in this novel study supports the therapeutic potential of stem cell transplants in MTLE-HS patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Long-term behavioral and cognitive outcomes following clipping for incidental unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have resulted in more frequent detection of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Regardless of the method employed, most interventions to treat lesions have low morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, some studies have suggested that changes in cognitive status are one complication of microsurgical treatments. However, no study to date has performed any behavioral analysis. Moreover, cognitive assessment beyond 12 months after surgical intervention is missing. The current study sought to evaluate the long-term impact of clipping on the behavioral and cognitive functions of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. METHOD: A within-subjects prospective clinical trial was performed to evaluate 40 patients who underwent microsurgical clipping for incidental unruptured intracranial aneurysms. The participants underwent a full neuropsychological evaluation during the preoperative period, at 3 months after surgery and at 3 years after surgery. Paired Student's t tests and an ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test, were used to examine group differences. RESULTS: The cognitive and behavioral test performance of the patients did not deteriorate during either the short or the long term following intervention. Moreover, the patients' clinical and demographic characteristics did not predict behavioral or cognitive changes, and neither the surgical approach nor the topography, multiplicity, or size of the aneurysms affected the results. CONCLUSIONS: In either the short or the long term following clipping for patients with incidental unruptured intracranial aneurysms, behavioral and cognitive functions had no significant change from baseline. The intervention demonstrated high efficacy and was associated with a low morbidity rate.

Microsurgical clipping in forty patients with unruptured anterior cerebral circulation aneurysms: an investigation into cognitive outcome.

OBJECTIVE: It is a consensus that most unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) can be treated with acceptably low morbidity. However, some studies recently reported postoperative cognitive impairment, suggesting that it could be attributable to surgical damage. Our goal is to evaluate cognitive function before and after microsurgical clipping in patients with UIA. METHOD: A consecutive series of 40 patients who underwent microsurgical clipping for UIA were studied. The cognitive assessment (Mini Mental State Examination, MMSE) was performed immediately before and at least one month after surgery. Paired Student's "t" test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical purposes. RESULTS: The mean MMSE score in the preoperative analysis was 28.12 (SD, 1.34). In the postoperative period the mean MMSE score was 28.40 (SD, 1.46). Paired Student's "t" test was applied to the scores and no significant difference was found (p = 0.315). ANOVA did not find independent associations between MMSE scores and age, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, education, aneurysm location, number, laterality or size. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that microsurgical clipping for UIA does not result in major cognitive dysfunction as determined by the MMSE.

Microsurgical clipping in forty patients with unruptured anterior cerebral circulation aneurysms: an investigation into cognitive outcome / Clipagem microcirúrgica em 40 pacientes com aneurisma de circulação cerebral anterior não-roto: uma investigação cognitiva

OBJECTIVE: It is a consensus that most unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) can be treated with acceptably low morbidity. However, some studies recently reported postoperative cognitive impairment, suggesting that it could be attributable to surgical damage. Our goal is to evaluate cognitive function before and after microsurgical clipping in patients with UIA. METHOD: A consecutive series of 40 patients who underwent microsurgical clipping for UIA were studied. The cognitive assessment (Mini Mental State Examination, MMSE) was performed immediately before and at least one month after surgery. Paired Student's "t" test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical purposes. RESULTS: The mean MMSE score in the preoperative analysis was 28.12 (SD, 1.34). In the postoperative period the mean MMSE score was 28.40 (SD, 1.46). Paired Student's "t" test was applied to the scores and no significant difference was found (p=0.315). ANOVA did not find independent associations between MMSE scores and age, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, education, aneurysm location, number, laterality or size. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that microsurgical clipping for UIA does not result in major cognitive dysfunction as determined by the MMSE.

OBJETIVO: É consenso que a maioria dos aneurismas intracranianos não-rotos (AINR) podem ser tratados com aceitável taxa de morbidade. Entretanto, alguns estudos reportaram déficits cognitivos no pós-operatório, sugerindo que poderiam ser atribuídos ao dano cirúrgico. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a função cognitiva antes e após clipagem microcirúrgica em pacientes com AINR. MÉTODO: Uma série de 40 pacientes com AINR submetidos à clipagem microcirúrgica foi estudada. A avaliação cognitiva (Mini Exame do Estado Mental, MEEM) foi realizada antes e após a intervenção cirúrgica. A análise estatística foi realizada com teste "t" de Student e análise de variância (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: A média dos escores do MEEM na análise pré-operatória foi 28,12 (DP, 1,34). No período pós-operatório, a média dos escores foi 28,40 (DP, 1,46). Não houve diferença estatística (teste "t" de Student; p=0,315). A ANOVA não encontrou associações independentes entre os escores de MEEM e idade, hipertensão, tabagismo, dislipidemia, educação e características dos aneurismas (topografia, número, lado e tamanho). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo sugere que a clipagem microcirúrgica não está associada a danos cognitivos maiores em pacientes com AINR.

Status cognitivo-comportamental de prematuros de baixo peso ao nascimento em idade pré-escolar que vivem em país em desenvolvimento / Cognitive and behavioral status of low birth weight preterm children raised in a developing country at preschool age

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desenvolvimento cognitivo e comportamental em idade pré-escolar de crianças prematuras com baixo peso ao nascimento que vivem em um país em desenvolvimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal prospectivo de 80 recém-nascidos de um hospital universitário no sul do Brasil. A avaliação neuropsicológica aos 4-5 anos de idade incluiu a Escala de Inteligência de Wechsler para a Idade Pré-Escolar e Primária (WPPSI), a Escala de Conners para Pais Revisada (CPRS-R), o teste de Denver e exames neurológicos. As informações de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor inicial e perinatal foram coletadas a partir do banco de dados durante o acompanhamento. Os resultados foram relacionados com o peso ao nascimento, o sexo e a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: Os escores da WPPSI foram: quociente de inteligência (QI) total 88,00±16,96, QI verbal 89,72±16,72 e QI executivo 88,12±15,71 para o grupo com menos de 1.500 gramas; e QI total 91,11±14,73, QI verbal 93,36±12,65 e QI executivo 90,20±16,06 para o grupo entre 1.500 e 2.500 gramas. Os melhores escores foram obtidos em testes que avaliaram a capacidade de abstração e simbolização, completar figuras e percepção comum, nos quais apenas 5 e 6,3 por cento das crianças apresentaram resultados anormais, respectivamente. Os menores escores foram obtidos em testes que avaliam a coordenação visual-motora e a flexibilidade-velocidade de raciocínio, nos quais 27,5 e 16,3 por cento das crianças tiveram resultados anormais, respectivamente. No total, 32,5 por cento das crianças tiveram resultados anormais em testes aritméticos. Comportamentos relacionados com transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH) foram observados em 48 por cento da amostra. Os baixos resultados na Escala Mental de Bayley e o resultado anormal no teste de Denver apresentaram correlação significativa com o TDAH (p = 0,017 e p = 0,004). Os resultados anormais na Escala Mental de Bayley (p < 0.001), teste de Denver (p < 0,001)...

OBJECTIVE: To assess cognitive and behavioral development at preschool age of children born preterm and with low birth weight and raised in a developing country. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study of 80 neonates born in a university hospital in southern Brazil. Neuropsychological assessment at age 4-5 years included the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Denver test and neurological examination. Perinatal and early neuropsychomotor development information was collected from the database during follow-up. Results were related to birth weight, sex and gestational age. RESULTS: WPPSI scores were: total IQ 88.00±16.96, verbal IQ 89.72±16.72, and executive IQ 88.12±15.71 for the group with less than 1,500 grams; and total IQ 91.11±14.73, verbal IQ 93.36±12.65, and executive IQ 90.20±16.06 for the group between 1,500 and 2,500 grams. The best scores were obtained in tests that evaluated capacity of abstraction and symbolization, picture completion and common perception, in which only 5 percent and 6.3 percent of the children had abnormal results, respectively. The lowest scores were obtained in tests that evaluated visual-motor coordination and flexibility-speed of reasoning, in which 27.5 percent and 16.3 percent of the children had abnormal results, respectively. A total of 32.5 percent had abnormal results in the arithmetic tests. Behaviors related to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were observed in 48 percent of the sample. Low score in the Bayley Mental Scale and abnormal result in the Denver test were significantly correlated to ADHD (p = 0.017 and p = 0.004). Abnormal results in the Bayley Mental Scale (p < 0.001), Denver test (p < 0.001) and neurological examination (p = 0.002) were associated with lower IQ. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed an increased incidence of behavioral and cognitive disorders at preschool age.

Cognitive and behavioral status of low birth weight preterm children raised in a developing country at preschool age.

OBJECTIVE: To assess cognitive and behavioral development at preschool age of children born preterm and with low birth weight and raised in a developing country. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study of 80 neonates born in a university hospital in southern Brazil. Neuropsychological assessment at age 4-5 years included the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Denver test and neurological examination. Perinatal and early neuropsychomotor development information was collected from the database during follow-up. Results were related to birth weight, sex and gestational age. RESULTS: WPPSI scores were: total intelligence quotient (IQ) 88.00+/-16.96, verbal IQ 89.72+/-16.72, and executive IQ 88.12+/-15.71 for the group with less than 1,500 grams; and total IQ 91.11+/-14.73, verbal IQ 93.36+/-12.65, and executive IQ 90.20+/-16.06 for the group between 1,500 and 2,500 grams. The best scores were obtained in tests that evaluated capacity of abstraction and symbolization, picture completion and common perception, in which only 5% and 6.3% of the children had abnormal results, respectively. The lowest scores were obtained in tests that evaluated visual-motor coordination and flexibility-speed of reasoning, in which 27.5% and 16.3% of the children had abnormal results, respectively. A total of 32.5% had abnormal results in the arithmetic tests. Behaviors related to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were observed in 48% of the sample. Low score in the Bayley Mental Scale and abnormal result in the Denver test were significantly correlated to ADHD (p = 0.017 and p = 0.004). Abnormal results in the Bayley Mental Scale (p < 0.001), Denver test (p < 0.001) and neurological examination (p = 0.002) were associated with lower IQ. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed an increased incidence of behavioral and cognitive disorders at preschool age.

Qualidade de vida em um grupo de idosos de Veranópolis / Quality of life in a group of elderly people from Veranópolis

Este estudo objetivou avaliar qualidade de vida em um grupo de idosos de Veranópolis, RS, através do WHOQOL-Bref. Além disso, relacionou os escores obtidos por meio do instrumento com variáveis sociodemográficas e sintomas depressivos, através da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS). Os resultados apontaram que esse grupo de idosos apresenta boa QV, sendo preditores dessa situação a realização de atividades de lazer, ser do sexo feminino, não utilizar medicação diária e estar livre de sintomas depressivos.AU

The objective of this article was to evaluate Quality of Life in a group of elderly people from Veranópolis, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through WHOOQOL – Brief. Moreover, it associated the scores obtained by this instrument with social demographic variables and depression symptoms through the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results showed that this group of elderly people have a good Quality Life, and the key determinants for this situation are the accomplishment of leisure activities, being of the female gender, not using daily medication and being free from depression symptoms. AU

Qualidade de vida em um grupo de idosos de Veranópolis / Quality of life in a group of elderly people from Veranópolis

Este estudo objetivou avaliar qualidade de vida em um grupo de idosos de Veranópolis, RS, através do WHOQOL-Bref. Além disso, relacionou os escores obtidos por meio do instrumento com variáveis sociodemográficas e sintomas depressivos, através da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS). Os resultados apontaram que esse grupo de idosos apresenta boa QV, sendo preditores dessa situação a realização de atividades de lazer, ser do sexo feminino, não utilizar medicação diária e estar livre de sintomas depressivos.

The objective of this article was to evaluate Quality of Life in a group of elderly people from Veranópolis, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through WHOOQOL – Brief. Moreover, it associated the scores obtained by this instrument with social demographic variables and depression symptoms through the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results showed that this group of elderly people have a good Quality Life, and the key determinants for this situation are the accomplishment of leisure activities, being of the female gender, not using daily medication and being free from depression symptoms.

Epilepsia do lobo frontal na infância: aspectos psicológicos e neuropsicológicos / Frontal lobe epipsy in childhood: psychological and neuropsychological aspects

Objetivos: Revisar os aspectos psicológicos neuropsicológicos da epilepsia do lobo frontal na infância. Fonte de Dados: Revisão de literatura, utilizando principalmente, artigos de jornais indexados no Scielo e Mdline. Síntese de Dados: Crises epiléticas do lobo frontal na infância, aspectos neuropsicológicos e psicológicos da epilepsia do lobo frontal e suas repercusões são abordados e discutidos. Conclusões: Na criança, a epilepsia do lobo forntal pode gerar distúrbios psicológicos e neuropsicológicos, como déficits em funções executivas (cognição, planejamento, linguagem, memória a atenção), alterações compotamentais (controle de impulsos e agressividade), manifestações de crises epilépticas comportamentais e piora da qualidade de vida. Suas alterações podem ser confudidas com doenças psiquiátricas, reforçando a importância do diagnóstico diferencial e da avaliação neuropsicológica.

[Neuropsychological assessment in children]. / Avaliação neuropsicológica da criança.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methods used for neuropsychological assessment in children, emphasizing aspects of interest to pediatricians, psychologists and neurologists. SOURCES OF DATA: Review of the published literature concerning neuropsychological assessment, including textbooks and reference manuals. The experience of the Neuropsychology Unit at Hospital São Lucas, Brazil, is described. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Neuropsychological assessment should not be limited to the application of psychometric and neuropsychological tests; it should also correlate test findings with the neurological/behavioral disorder and establish which part of the brain is likely to be involved. In addition, the careful interpretation of result must be associated with an evaluation of the individual's current status and of the context in which s/he lives. CONCLUSION: The final result of neuropsychological assessment should be a neuropsychological profile of the patient, which, in combination with the evaluation of neurological/clinical, psychological and social aspects will contribute to diagnosis and provide elements to guide the patient in terms of maximizing his/her potential.

Avaliação neuropsicológica da criança / Neuropsychological assessment in children

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a metodologia empregada na avaliação neuropsicológica de crianças e suas contribuições, priorizando aqueles aspectos de interesse dos profissionais da área da saúde, em especial pediatras, psicólogos, psiquiatras, neurologistas. FONTE DOS DADOS: Revisão da literatura sobre o tema proposto nos últimos anos e incluídas referências de livros texto e manuais dos testes imprescindíveis para a compreensão do exame neuropsicológico e aporte da experiência da Unidade de Neuropsicologia do HSL - PUCRS. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: A avaliação neuropsicológica não se limita a aplicação de testes psicométricos e neuropsicológicos organizados em baterias, mas objetiva, também, avaliar a relação destes achados com a patologia neurológica e/ou comportamental e em estabelecer a possível área cerebral envolvida. Adicionalmente, a interpretação cuidadosa destes resultados deve ser associada à análise da situação atual do sujeito e do contexto onde vive. CONCLUSAO: O resultado final deve fornecer um perfil neuropsicológico do paciente que, combinado à avaliação dos aspectos neurológicos/clínicos, psicológicos e sociais, permitirá auxiliar no seu diagnóstico e/ou orientar sobre o melhor aproveitamento de suas potencialidades.