ABSTRACT
An automated system for the design and manufacturing of individual compensators has been implemented. The system based on computed tomography enables 3D compensation of missing tissue and tissue heterogeneities. The relationship between Hounsfield numbers and electron densities was obtained empirically. Compensator design is based on the calculation of the water equivalent thicknesses between the compensation plane and the patient surface. After calculation a styrofoam mould is cut by a computer driven machine and filled with bee's wax or tin granules. Compensator thickness is calculated by means of the conversion ratio tau, which is defined as t/x, where t is the compensator thickness equivalent to the missing tissue in the treatment geometry. Relations between tau and field size, depth of compensation plane and focus-compensation plane distance were assessed. The conversion ratio is a linear function of the missing tissue and depends markedly on field size; for a 10-cm-deep compensation plane at 1 m from the accelerator target the tau value, calculated for bee's wax, decreases by 25% from 7 x 7 cm2 to 23 x 23 cm2 field size. Conversion ratio rises by approximately 10% for a 3-cm increase in compensation plane depth and reduces by about 5% when increasing the focus-compensation plane distance from 100 cm to 140 cm. It must be stressed that a 10% variation of tau, for bee's wax, involves only a 2% dose variation in the compensation plane. Therefore, for compensator design it is enough to consider tau as depending on field size only. Compensation effectiveness has been tested by a film-densitometric technique using phantoms with tilted incident surfaces and heterogeneities. The results show that the compensators reduce the flatness of the beam profile below 4% and increase the relative dose uniformity on the compensation plane from 18% to 60%.
