ABSTRACT
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors such as ibrutinib hold a prominent role in the treatment of B cell malignancies. However, further refinement is needed to this class of agents, particularly in terms of adverse events (potentially driven by kinase promiscuity), which preclude their evaluation in nononcology indications. Here, we report the discovery and preclinical characterization of evobrutinib, a potent, obligate covalent inhibitor with high kinase selectivity. Evobrutinib displayed sufficient preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics which allowed for in vivo evaluation in efficacy models. Moreover, the high selectivity of evobrutinib for BTK over epidermal growth factor receptor and other Tec family kinases suggested a low potential for off-target related adverse effects. Clinical investigation of evobrutinib is ongoing in several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Subject(s)
Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Discovery , Immune System Diseases/drug therapy , Piperidines/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Immune System Diseases/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Piperidines/administration & dosage , Piperidines/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The l-menthone-derived TADDOL phosphite 6b catalyzes highly enantioselective conjugate additions of acyl silanes to alpha,beta-unsaturated amides. p-Methoxybenzoyl cyclohexyldimethylsilane adds to a variety of N,N-dimethyl acrylamide derivatives in the presence of the lithium salt of 6b. In many instances the alpha-silyl-gamma-ketoamide product undergoes facile enantioenrichment (to 97-99% ee) upon recrystallization. Desilylation with HF.pyr affords the formal Stetter addition products. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the desilylated gamma-ketoamides affords useful ester products. An X-ray diffraction study of 6b reveals that the isopropyl group of the menthone ketal influences the position of the syn-pseudoaxial phenyl group in the TADDOL structure. Through a crossover experiment, the silicon migration step in the reaction mechanism is shown to be strictly intramolecular.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemical synthesis , Phosphites/chemistry , Silanes/chemistry , Acylation , Amides/chemistry , Catalysis , Dioxolanes/chemistry , Menthol/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Stereoisomerism , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
Carbonyl polarity reversal (umpolung) has been realized employing metallophosphites as catalysts. As a result, nonenzymatic asymmetric cross silyl benzoin reactions have been achieved, giving optically active silyl ether-protected benzoin adducts. The reaction is general with respect to aryl, alkyl, and heterocyclic substrates with good to excellent yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities.
