Non-traditional data sources in obesity research: a systematic review of their use in the study of obesogenic environments.

BACKGROUND: The complex nature of obesity increasingly requires a comprehensive approach that includes the role of environmental factors. For understanding contextual determinants, the resources provided by technological advances could become a key factor in obesogenic environment research. This study aims to identify different sources of non-traditional data and their applications, considering the domains of obesogenic environments: physical, sociocultural, political and economic. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and LILACS databases by two independent groups of reviewers, from September to December 2021. We included those studies oriented to adult obesity research using non-traditional data sources, published in the last 5 years in English, Spanish or Portuguese. The overall reporting followed the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1583 articles, 94 articles were kept for full-text screening, and 53 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. We extracted information about countries of origin, study design, observation units, obesity-related outcomes, environment variables, and non-traditional data sources used. Our results revealed that most of the studies originated from high-income countries (86.54%) and used geospatial data within a GIS (76.67%), social networks (16.67%), and digital devices (11.66%) as data sources. Geospatial data were the most utilised data source and mainly contributed to the study of the physical domains of obesogenic environments, followed by social networks providing data to the analysis of the sociocultural domain. A gap in the literature exploring the political domain of environments was also evident. CONCLUSION: The disparities between countries are noticeable. Geospatial and social network data sources contributed to studying the physical and sociocultural environments, which could be a valuable complement to those traditionally used in obesity research. We propose the use of information available on the Internet, addressed by artificial intelligence-based tools, to increase the knowledge on political and economic dimensions of the obesogenic environment.

Epidemia de obesidad: evidencia actual, desafíos y direcciones futuras / Obesity epidemic: current evidence, challenges and future directions

Resumen La epidemia de obesidad es un fenómeno amplia mente estudiado en las últimas décadas, pero aun así incompletamente comprendido, cuyo control se encuen tra lejos del nivel deseable si consideramos las cifras crecientes de prevalencia observadas a nivel mundial. El presente trabajo realiza una revisión narrativa con el propósito de aportar evidencia actualizada sobre la epidemia de la obesidad en el mundo, y en particular en la región latinoamericana y Argentina, identificando además los principales desafíos y direcciones futuras para el abordaje de esta problemática de salud pública. Se describe primeramente la carga actual y tendencias crecientes de la prevalencia de obesidad, general y por grupos poblacionales, y su posible relación con aspec tos genéticos y epigenéticos. Se resumen también las consecuencias socioeconómicas directas e indirectas de esta epidemia, y las estrategias e iniciativas recientes orientadas a la prevención de la obesidad, con especial atención en aquellas reportadas como las más eficientes en el contexto latinoamericano. En función de la revisión realizada, se identifican como desafíos pendientes en esa región, el abordaje integrado de la doble carga de malnutrición así como el creciente sobrepeso infantil; se apuntan también algunos enfoques emergentes, como el sindémico, potencialmente útiles para comprender y abordar esta compleja problemática en el contex to actual. Concluyendo, se destaca la importancia de implementar estrategias renovadas, más eficientes y basadas en evidencia, para controlar la creciente pre valencia de obesidad, lo cual impactaría también en la carga de las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas, y con ello, en la economía y bienestar de las sociedades latinoamericanas.

Abstract The obesity epidemic is a phenomenon that has been widely studied in recent decades but is still incompletely understood, and its control is far from the desirable level in view of the increasing prevalence figures observed worldwide. This paper conducts a narrative review with the aim of providing updated evidence on the global obesity epidemic, and particularly on the situation in Latin America and Argentina, identifying the main chal lenges and future directions for addressing this public health problem. It first describes the current burden and increasing trends in the prevalence of obesity, in the overall population and by population groups, and its pos sible association with genetic and epigenetic aspects. It also summarizes the direct and indirect socioeconomic consequences of this epidemic, as well as recent strate gies and initiatives focused on obesity prevention, with special attention to those reported as the most efficient in the Latin American context. This review identified some pending challenges in the region, the integrated approach to the double burden of malnutrition and the growing childhood overweight; and it points out some emerging approaches, such as the syndemic approach, as potentially useful to understand and address this complex problem in the current context. In conclusion, it highlights the importance of implementing renewed, more efficient and evidence-based strategies to control the growing prevalence of obesity, which would also impact on the burden of related chronic diseases, and thus on the economy and well-being of Latin American societies.

[Obesity epidemic: current evidence, challenges and future directions]. / Epidemia de obesidad: evidencia actual, desafíos y direcciones futuras.

The obesity epidemic is a phenomenon that has been widely studied in recent decades but is still incompletely understood, and its control is far from the desirable level in view of the increasing prevalence figures observed worldwide. This paper conducts a narrative review with the aim of providing updated evidence on the global obesity epidemic, and particularly on the situation in Latin America and Argentina, identifying the main challenges and future directions for addressing this public health problem. It first describes the current burden and increasing trends in the prevalence of obesity, in the overall population and by population groups, and its possible association with genetic and epigenetic aspects. It also summarizes the direct and indirect socioeconomic consequences of this epidemic, as well as recent strategies and initiatives focused on obesity prevention, with special attention to those reported as the most efficient in the Latin American context. This review identified some pending challenges in the region, the integrated approach to the double burden of malnutrition and the growing childhood overweight; and it points out some emerging approaches, such as the syndemic approach, as potentially useful to understand and address this complex problem in the current context. In conclusion, it highlights the importance of implementing renewed, more efficient and evidence-based strategies to control the growing prevalence of obesity, which would also impact on the burden of related chronic diseases, and thus on the economy and well-being of Latin American societies.

La epidemia de obesidad es un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado en las últimas décadas, pero aun así incompletamente comprendido, cuyo control se encuentra lejos del nivel deseable si consideramos las cifras crecientes de prevalencia observadas a nivel mundial. El presente trabajo realiza una revisión narrativa con el propósito de aportar evidencia actualizada sobre la epidemia de la obesidad en el mundo, y en particular en la región latinoamericana y Argentina, identificando además los principales desafíos y direcciones futuras para el abordaje de esta problemática de salud pública. Se describe primeramente la carga actual y tendencias crecientes de la prevalencia de obesidad, general y por grupos poblacionales, y su posible relación con aspectos genéticos y epigenéticos. Se resumen también las consecuencias socioeconómicas directas e indirectas de esta epidemia, y las estrategias e iniciativas recientes orientadas a la prevención de la obesidad, con especial atención en aquellas reportadas como las más eficientes en el contexto latinoamericano. En función de la revisión realizada, se identifican como desafíos pendientes en esa región, el abordaje integrado de la doble carga de malnutrición así como el creciente sobrepeso infantil; se apuntan también algunos enfoques emergentes, como el sindémico, potencialmente útiles para comprender y abordar esta compleja problemática en el contexto actual. Concluyendo, se destaca la importancia de implementar estrategias renovadas, más eficientes y basadas en evidencia, para controlar la creciente prevalencia de obesidad, lo cual impactaría también en la carga de las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas, y con ello, en la economía y bienestar de las sociedades latinoamericanas.

An empirically derived "prudent" dietary pattern is associated with lower obesity occurrence: Modeling and mapping from a national nutrition survey.

The characterization of dietary patterns linked to obesity is important to address evidence-based interventions against the obesity epidemic. We hypothesized that both dietary behaviors and environmental characteristics affect the spatial distribution of obesity. This study aimed to analyze the role of dietary patterns in the occurrence of obesity in Colombia, taking into account the hierarchical (geographical) structure of the data. A cross-sectional study based on the Colombian National Nutrition Survey (2015) was carried out. A subsample of 8750 adults who reported dietary intake data (by the 24-hour diet recall method) was extracted. Dietary patterns were identified by principal component factor analysis. Their association with obesity occurrence was assessed by using multilevel Poisson regression models (8750 subjects nested in 33 geographic units). Thematic maps were constructed. The obesity prevalence was 18.0% (95% CI, 16.7-19.4). Four dietary patterns were identified for the study group. An inverse (negative) association was found in people with high adherence (vs. low adherence) to the "prudent pattern" (dairy products, fruits, vegetables) (prevalence ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.96; P = .01). People with high adherence to the "soft drinks and snacking pattern" (sugary drinks, meat products, snacks) tended to show a direct (positive) association with obesity occurrence (prevalence ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99-1.27; P = .06). Maps showed higher adherence levels to the prudent pattern in departments with higher socioeconomic conditions and lower obesity prevalence. To conclude, a prudent dietary pattern emerges as a key factor in obesity occurrence in Colombia. Obesity spatial distribution may be conditioned by contextual factors that represent social inequalities in health.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality: life expectancy reduction and geographical disparities in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality in Argentina, considering temporal trends in life expectancy at birth and premature mortality rate during 2010-2020. METHODS: Based on demographic projections, this ecological time-series study compares a "normal" versus a "COVID-19" mortality scenario for 2020 over a set of 11 Argentine provinces. Annual life expectancy at birth and age-standardized rates of premature mortality were estimated from 2010 to 2020. Joinpoint regression and multilevel models were used. RESULTS: A potential reduction in life expectancy at birth (a gap between scenarios >1 year) was observed. A significant (negative) point of inflection in temporal trends was identified for the country and most of the provinces, under the COVID-19 mortality scenario. However, our findings reveal disparities between provinces in the estimated life expectancy reduction toward 2020 (values range from -0.63 to -1.85 year in females and up to -2.55 years in males). While men showed more accentuated declines in life expectancy at birth in 2020 (a national gap between scenarios of -1.47 year in men vs. -1.35 year in women), women experienced more unfavorable temporal trends of premature mortality. In the absence of COVID-19, an improvement in both indicators was estimated toward 2020 in both sexes, while a return to levels reported in the past was observed under the COVID-19 scenario. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic might seriously affect the trends of mortality and exacerbate health disadvantages in Argentina. A temporal and contextual perspective of health inequities merits special attention in the COVID-19 research.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality: life expectancy reduction and geographical disparities in Argentina / O impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na mortalidade: redução da expectativa de vida e disparidades geográficas na Argentina

ABSTRACT: Objective: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality in Argentina, considering temporal trends in life expectancy at birth and premature mortality rate during 2010-2020. Methods: Based on demographic projections, this ecological time-series study compares a "normal" versus a "COVID-19" mortality scenario for 2020 over a set of 11 Argentine provinces. Annual life expectancy at birth and age-standardized rates of premature mortality were estimated from 2010 to 2020. Joinpoint regression and multilevel models were used. Results: A potential reduction in life expectancy at birth (a gap between scenarios >1 year) was observed. A significant (negative) point of inflection in temporal trends was identified for the country and most of the provinces, under the COVID-19 mortality scenario. However, our findings reveal disparities between provinces in the estimated life expectancy reduction toward 2020 (values range from -0.63 to -1.85 year in females and up to -2.55 years in males). While men showed more accentuated declines in life expectancy at birth in 2020 (a national gap between scenarios of -1.47 year in men vs. -1.35 year in women), women experienced more unfavorable temporal trends of premature mortality. In the absence of COVID-19, an improvement in both indicators was estimated toward 2020 in both sexes, while a return to levels reported in the past was observed under the COVID-19 scenario. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic might seriously affect the trends of mortality and exacerbate health disadvantages in Argentina. A temporal and contextual perspective of health inequities merits special attention in the COVID-19 research.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 sobre a mortalidade na Argentina, considerando as tendências temporais da expectativa de vida ao nascer e a taxa de mortalidade prematura 2010-2020. Métodos: Com base em projeções demográficas, este estudo ecológico de séries temporais compara um cenário de mortalidade "normal" versus "COVID-19" para 2020 em 11 províncias argentinas. Foram calculadas a expectativa de vida ao nascer anual e taxas de mortalidade prematura padronizadas por idade (2010-2020). Utilizaram-se modelos de regressão joinpoint e multiníveis. Resultados: Observou-se redução da expectativa de vida ao nascer (lacuna entre cenários >1 ano). Foi identificado um ponto de inflexão significativo (negativo) nas tendências temporais para o país e a maioria das províncias no cenário COVID-19. Nossos resultados revelam disparidades entre as províncias na redução da expectativa de vida 2020 (valores de -0,63 a -1,85 ano nas mulheres e até -2,55 nos homens). Enquanto os homens mostraram declínios mais acentuados na expectativa de vida ao nascer em 2020 (lacuna nacional entre os cenários de -1,47 vs. -1,35 ano nas mulheres), as mulheres experimentaram tendências temporais mais desfavoráveis de mortalidade prematura. Na ausência do COVID-19, estimou-se melhoria de ambos os indicadores até 2020 em ambos os sexos, enquanto se observou retorno aos níveis reportados no passado no cenário COVID-19. Conclusão: A pandemia de COVID-19 pode afetar seriamente as tendências de mortalidade e agravar as desvantagens para a saúde na Argentina. Uma perspectiva temporal e contextual das iniquidades em saúde merece atenção especial na pesquisa em COVID-19.

Sociodemographic disparities and contextual factors in obesity: updated evidence from a National Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of sociodemographic and environmental factors with the obesity occurrence in Argentina from a sex- and age-comparative perspective and a multilevel approach. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study based on secondary data from the National Survey of Chronic Diseases Risk Factors (CDRF) 2018, Argentina. Two-level logistic regression models stratified by sex and age were used. SETTING: The nationwide probabilistic sample of the CDRF survey and twenty-four geographical units. PARTICIPANTS: 16 410 adult people, living in Argentine towns of at least 5000 people, nested into 24 geographical units. Sex and age groups were defined as young (aged 18-44 years), middle-aged (45-64 years) and older (65 years and older) men and women. RESULTS: Single men (all age groups) and divorced/widowed men (aged 45 years or older) had a lower obesity risk compared to married ones. In the middle-aged group, men with higher education showed a lower risk than men with incomplete primary education. In young women, a marked social gradient by educational level was observed. A low-income level coupled with highly urbanised contexts represents an unfavourable scenario for young and middle-aged women. Having a multi-person household was a risk factor for obesity (OR = 1·26, P = 0·038) in middle-aged women. Contextual factors linked to the availability of socially constructed recreational resources and green spaces were associated with obesity among young adults. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-environmental determinants of obesity seem to operate differently according to sex and age in Argentina. This entails the need to address the obesity epidemic considering gender inequalities and the socio-environmental context at each stage of life.

[Profiles of epidemiological-nutritional transition and burden of morbimortality from COVID-19 in Argentina: an ecological study]. / Perfiles de transición epidemiológica-nutricional y carga de morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19 en Argentina: un estudio ecológico.

The study aimed to identify epidemiological-nutritional profiles in Argentina and to compare the burden of morbimortality from COVID-19. A multigroup ecological study was conducted with 24 geographic units in Argentina. We estimated the percent change from 2005 to 2018 in indicators of the epidemiological-nutritional transition and sociodemographic indicators according to geographic unit. We performed principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify geographic groupings to define profiles in the epidemiological-nutritional transition. By group, we calculated summary measures of COVID-19 cumulative incidence (CI), mortality, and case fatality (epidemiological week 50), establishing comparisons via Student's t test. Three profiles were identified: (1) reemergence of infectious diseases, (2) persistence of cardiovascular diseases despite social, health, and lifestyle improvements, and (3) consolidation of the triad obesity-sedentarism-cardiometabolic diseases. Mean COVID-19 cumulative incidence and mortality were higher in provinces with profile 1 compared to profile 2 (CI: p = 0.0159; mortality: p = 0.0187) and profile 3 (CI: p = 0.0205). Case-fatality was higher in profile 3, which includes provinces with more unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, showing significant differences from profile 2 (p=0.0307). In conclusion, there are distinct epidemiological-nutritional profiles in Argentina which tend to differ in terms of their COVID-19 epidemiological situation. Strategies to fight COVID-19 should consider the underlying epidemiological, nutritional, and sociodemographic characteristics.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar perfiles epidemiológico-nutricionales en Argentina, y comparar su carga de morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19. Se condujo un estudio ecológico multigrupal (24 unidades geográficas de Argentina). Se estimó el porcentaje de cambio 2005-2018 de indicadores de transición epidemiológica-nutricional, y sociodemográficos por unidad geográfica. Se condujo un análisis de componentes principales y análisis de clúster jerárquico para identificar agrupamientos geográficos que definan perfiles de transición epidemiológica-nutricional. Por grupo, se calcularon medidas resumen de incidencia acumulada (IA), mortalidad y tasa de letalidad por COVID-19 (semana epidemiológica 50), estableciendo comparaciones mediante prueba t de Student. Se identificaron tres perfiles denominados: (1) reemergencia de enfermedades infecciosas, (2) persistencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares con mejoras sociosanitarias y en estilos de vida, y (3) consolidación de la tríada obesidad-sedentarismo-enfermedades cardiometabólicas. La IA y mortalidad por COVID-19 promedio fue mayor en provincias con perfil 1, en comparación con el perfil 2 (IA: p = 0,0159; mortalidad: p = 0,0187) y el perfil 3 (IA: p = 0,0205). La letalidad resultó mayor en el perfil 3, que aglomera provincias con situación socioeconómica más desfavorable, estimándose diferencias significativas respecto al perfil 2 (p = 0,0307). En conclusión, existen distintos perfiles epidemiológico-nutricionales en Argentina, que tienden a diferenciarse en su situación epidemiológica de COVID-19. Las estrategias contra COVID-19 deberían considerar las características epidemiológico-nutricionales y sociodemográficas de base.

O objetivo deste trabalho era identificar perfis epidemiológico-nutricionais na Argentina, e comparar a sua carga de morbimortalidade por COVID-19. Foi desenvolvido um estudo ecológico multigrupal (24 unidades geográficas da Argentina). Foi avaliado o percentual de mudança 2005-2018 de indicadores de transição epidemiológica-nutricional, e sociodemográficos, por unidade geográfica. Foi feita uma análise de componentes principais e de cluster hierárquico para identificar agrupamentos geográficos, definindo perfis de transição epidemiológica-nutricional. Por grupo, foram calculadas medidas de resumo de incidência acumulada (IA), mortalidade e taxa de letalidade por COVID-19 (semana epidemiológica 50), estabelecendo comparações mediante teste t de Student. Foram identificados três perfis: (1) reemergência de doenças infecciosas, (2) persistência de doenças cardiovasculares com melhorias sociossanitárias e nos estilos de vida, e (3) consolidação da tríade obesidade-sedentarismo-doenças cardiometabólicas. A IA e a mortalidade média por COVID-19 foi maior nas províncias com perfil 1, comparado com o perfil 2 (IA: p = 0,0159; mortalidade: p = 0,0187) e o perfil 3 (IA: p = 0,0205). A letalidade resultou maior no perfil 3, que abrange províncias com situação socioeconômica mais desfavorável, sendo encontradas diferenças significativas com relação ao perfil 2 (p = 0,0307). Em conclusão, existem distintos perfis epidemiológico-nutricionais na Argentina, que tendem a diferenciar-se na sua situação epidemiológica de COVID-19. As estratégias contra a COVID-19 deveriam considerar as características epidemiológico-nutricionais e sociodemográficas de base.

Perfiles de transición epidemiológica-nutricional y carga de morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19 en Argentina: un estudio ecológico / Profiles of epidemiological-nutritional transition and burden of morbimortality from COVID-19 in Argentina: an ecological study / Perfis de transição epidemiológica-nutricional e carga de morbimortalidade por COVID-19 na Argentina: um estudo ecológico

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar perfiles epidemiológico-nutricionales en Argentina, y comparar su carga de morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19. Se condujo un estudio ecológico multigrupal (24 unidades geográficas de Argentina). Se estimó el porcentaje de cambio 2005-2018 de indicadores de transición epidemiológica-nutricional, y sociodemográficos por unidad geográfica. Se condujo un análisis de componentes principales y análisis de clúster jerárquico para identificar agrupamientos geográficos que definan perfiles de transición epidemiológica-nutricional. Por grupo, se calcularon medidas resumen de incidencia acumulada (IA), mortalidad y tasa de letalidad por COVID-19 (semana epidemiológica 50), estableciendo comparaciones mediante prueba t de Student. Se identificaron tres perfiles denominados: (1) reemergencia de enfermedades infecciosas, (2) persistencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares con mejoras sociosanitarias y en estilos de vida, y (3) consolidación de la tríada obesidad-sedentarismo-enfermedades cardiometabólicas. La IA y mortalidad por COVID-19 promedio fue mayor en provincias con perfil 1, en comparación con el perfil 2 (IA: p = 0,0159; mortalidad: p = 0,0187) y el perfil 3 (IA: p = 0,0205). La letalidad resultó mayor en el perfil 3, que aglomera provincias con situación socioeconómica más desfavorable, estimándose diferencias significativas respecto al perfil 2 (p = 0,0307). En conclusión, existen distintos perfiles epidemiológico-nutricionales en Argentina, que tienden a diferenciarse en su situación epidemiológica de COVID-19. Las estrategias contra COVID-19 deberían considerar las características epidemiológico-nutricionales y sociodemográficas de base.

Abstract: The study aimed to identify epidemiological-nutritional profiles in Argentina and to compare the burden of morbimortality from COVID-19. A multigroup ecological study was conducted with 24 geographic units in Argentina. We estimated the percent change from 2005 to 2018 in indicators of the epidemiological-nutritional transition and sociodemographic indicators according to geographic unit. We performed principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify geographic groupings to define profiles in the epidemiological-nutritional transition. By group, we calculated summary measures of COVID-19 cumulative incidence (CI), mortality, and case fatality (epidemiological week 50), establishing comparisons via Student's t test. Three profiles were identified: (1) reemergence of infectious diseases, (2) persistence of cardiovascular diseases despite social, health, and lifestyle improvements, and (3) consolidation of the triad obesity-sedentarism-cardiometabolic diseases. Mean COVID-19 cumulative incidence and mortality were higher in provinces with profile 1 compared to profile 2 (CI: p = 0.0159; mortality: p = 0.0187) and profile 3 (CI: p = 0.0205). Case-fatality was higher in profile 3, which includes provinces with more unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, showing significant differences from profile 2 (p=0.0307). In conclusion, there are distinct epidemiological-nutritional profiles in Argentina which tend to differ in terms of their COVID-19 epidemiological situation. Strategies to fight COVID-19 should consider the underlying epidemiological, nutritional, and sociodemographic characteristics.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho era identificar perfis epidemiológico-nutricionais na Argentina, e comparar a sua carga de morbimortalidade por COVID-19. Foi desenvolvido um estudo ecológico multigrupal (24 unidades geográficas da Argentina). Foi avaliado o percentual de mudança 2005-2018 de indicadores de transição epidemiológica-nutricional, e sociodemográficos, por unidade geográfica. Foi feita uma análise de componentes principais e de cluster hierárquico para identificar agrupamentos geográficos, definindo perfis de transição epidemiológica-nutricional. Por grupo, foram calculadas medidas de resumo de incidência acumulada (IA), mortalidade e taxa de letalidade por COVID-19 (semana epidemiológica 50), estabelecendo comparações mediante teste t de Student. Foram identificados três perfis: (1) reemergência de doenças infecciosas, (2) persistência de doenças cardiovasculares com melhorias sociossanitárias e nos estilos de vida, e (3) consolidação da tríade obesidade-sedentarismo-doenças cardiometabólicas. A IA e a mortalidade média por COVID-19 foi maior nas províncias com perfil 1, comparado com o perfil 2 (IA: p = 0,0159; mortalidade: p = 0,0187) e o perfil 3 (IA: p = 0,0205). A letalidade resultou maior no perfil 3, que abrange províncias com situação socioeconômica mais desfavorável, sendo encontradas diferenças significativas com relação ao perfil 2 (p = 0,0307). Em conclusão, existem distintos perfis epidemiológico-nutricionais na Argentina, que tendem a diferenciar-se na sua situação epidemiológica de COVID-19. As estratégias contra a COVID-19 deveriam considerar as características epidemiológico-nutricionais e sociodemográficas de base.

Gastric Cancer Mortality Trends in the Southern Cone: Disentangling age, period and cohort patterns in Argentina and Chile.

Although Argentina and Chile are neighboring countries, gastric cancer (GC) is the first cancer death cause in the Chilean male population, while it is ranked in fifth place for Argentinean males. This study is the first to identify the differential time-patterns associated with the age-period-cohort effects for the last few decades (1990-2015) in these Southern Cone countries. Trends of age-standardized truncated mortality rates (ASMR) for GC were analyzed using log-linear Poisson age-period-cohort models, including cubic splines for each component. The ASMR trends for GC decreased in both sexes but more considerably in Chile and more favorably for males (annual percentage changes 2002-2015 = -3.5, 95%CI: -3.9 to -3.1). Moreover, GC age-specific mortality rates were noticeably higher in Chile. A favorable decreasing mortality risk throughout the periods (from 2000) and by cohort was observed for both countries; however, the risk reduction has stabilized in younger female cohorts since 1950-cohort. In conclusion, overall favorable decreasing trends for GC mortality were found; however, when age-period-cohort effects were disentangled, Chile and younger female cohorts showed a more unfavorable scenario. Obesity, lifestyles, and environmental conditions (like altitude) may explain country differences. This analytical approach may be a valuable tool to be replicated in other countries with no population-based cancer registries and acceptable mortality data quality.

Detection, Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay.

The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and Uruguay rivers in Uruguay. Monthly sampling was carried out for one year in six sites in the watershed of the Santa Lucía River and four in the Uruguay River. All the collection sites are used for recreational activities. Viral concentration was performed with the adsorption-elution method, and detection and quantification of RVA was carried out by TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the daily and annual risk of RVA infection, as well as the daily risk of illness considering direct exposure through recreational activity. RVA was detected in 42% (20/48) of the analyzed samples in the Uruguay River and 40% (29/72) in the Santa Lucía River. The virus was present in all the analyzed points in both watersheds. A pattern of seasonality, characterized by a higher detection frequency of the virus during coldest month of the year, was observed in both basins. The mean concentration for RVA was 1.3 × 105 genomic copies/L. The microbiological risk assessment shows that Santa Lucía watershed presented the highest daily risk of infection (6.41E-01) and illness (3.20E-01) estimated for the point downstream of Florida City; meanwhile for Uruguay River, the highest probabilities of infection (6.82E-01) and illness (3.41E-01) were estimated for the collection site for drinking water intake in Salto city. These results suggest that RVA contamination of these important rivers negatively impact on their microbiological quality since they are used for recreation and drinking water intake, demonstrating that the disposal of waste from cities located in their riverside confers a constant threat of infection for the general population, especially for children.

Microbial Source Tracking Analysis Using Viral Indicators in Santa Lucía and Uruguay Rivers, Uruguay.

The aim of this study was to determine the origin (human, bovine or porcine) and the concentration of the fecal sources of contamination in waters from Santa Lucía basin and Uruguay River in Uruguay by using host-specific viral markers (adenoviruses and polyomaviruses) as microbial source tracking (MST). Between June 2015 and May 2016, monthly collections of surface water samples were performed in six sites in Santa Lucía basin and four sites in Uruguay River (n = 120 samples). Viral concentration was carried out using an absorption-elution method. Detection and quantification of human and porcine adenovirus (HAdV and PAdV, respectively) and human and bovine polyomavirus (HPyV and BoPyV, respectively) were performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). To evaluate the infectivity of circulating HAdV, an integrated cell culture-qPCR (ICC-qPCR) was used. A logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the influence of environmental variables on the virus presence in surface waters. Overall, HAdV was the prevalent (18%; 21/120) followed by BoPyV (11%; 13/120) and HPyV (3%; 3/120), whereas PAdV was not detected in this study. The mean concentration ranged from 1.5 × 104 genomic copies/L (gc/L) for HAdV to 1.8 × 102 gc/L for HPyV. Infective HAdVs were observed in two out of ten analyzed samples. A significant effect of environmental temperature (p = 0.001) and river (p = 0.012) on the presence of human viruses was found. These results suggest that fecal contamination could affect the water quality of these rivers, showing deficiencies in the procedure of sewage discharge from regional cities, livestock and dairy farms.

Nutrition transition profiles and obesity burden in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to identify nutrition transition (NT) profiles in Argentina (2005-2013) and assess their association with obesity in the adult population. DESIGN: A large cross-sectional study was performed considering data sets of nationally representative surveys. A multiple correspondence analysis coupled with hierarchical clustering was conducted to detect geographical clusters of association among sociodemographic and NT indicators. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of NT profile (proxy variable of contextual order) on obesity occurrence. SETTING: First, we used geographically aggregated data about the adult and child populations in Argentina. Second, we defined the population of adults who participated in the National Survey of Chronic Disease Risk Factors (2013) as the study population.ParticipantsTwenty-four geographical units that make up the territory of Argentina and 32 365 individuals over 18 years old living in towns of at least 5000 people. RESULTS: Three NT profiles were identified: 'Socionutritional lag' (characterized by undernutrition and socio-economically disadvantaged conditions; profile 1); 'Double burden of malnutrition' (undernutrition and overweight in highly urbanized scenarios; profile 2); and 'Incipient socionutritional improvement' (low prevalence of malnutrition and more favourable poverty indicator values; profile 3). Profiles 1 and 2 were significantly associated (OR; 95 % CI) with a higher risk of obesity occurrence in adults (1·17; 1·02, 1·32 and 1·44; 1·26, 1·64, respectively) compared with profile 3. CONCLUSIONS: Argentina is facing different NT processes, where sociodemographic factors play a major role in shaping diverse NT profiles. Most of the identified profiles were linked to obesity burden in adults.

Effectiveness of two physical activity programs on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Introduction: To estimate the effectiveness of two physical activity programs on NAFLD. Methods: Participants come from a survey conducted in southern Italy. Subjects with moderate or severe NAFLD were invited to participate. After giving informed consent, they completed a questionnaire, underwent ultrasonography and anthropometric measurements. Then they were randomized an Aerobic or a Combined Exercise program and followed up for six months. The first group followed a program of moderate aerobic activity lasting 30 minutes, 5 days per week. The second group did aerobic training with the addition of muscle training involving the large muscle groups, stimulating them to make more intense efforts, for a duration of 60 minutes, at least, 3 days a week. Compliance with the programs was measured. A mixed linear model was applied to the data. Results: Compliance with Aerobic Exercise was homogeneous and increased over time. Combined Program compliance was equal to 100%. There was no significant difference in the NAFLD mean score by treatment at baseline and after six months. However, there was a significant reduction in the NAFLD mean score for treatments after six months. The NAFLD measured score was reduced by 22% in the Aerobic treatment group when confronted with the other program. In the Combined program, after 6 months, results showed to be less effective than the Aerobic Exercise in reducing the NAFLD score. Conclusion: An aerobic exercise program is a realistic intervention which could be included as a part of primary prevention of several chronic diseases.

Introducción: Estimar la eficiencia de dos programas de actividad física sobre la NAFLD Métodos: Sujetos con NAFLD moderada o severa que habían participado a un estudio de pobación en el sur de Italia fueron invitados a participar. Fue completado un cuestionario, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se realizó una ecografia hepática. Cada participante proveyó el consenso informato. Los participantes fueron aleatorizados a un programa aerobico (actividad aerobica moderada per 30 minutos, 5 veces a la semana) o un programa mixto (aerobico más entrenamiento de la fuerza de los grandes grupos musculares, 60 minutos, tres veces a la semana). Fue medida la adherencia a los programas y se aplicó un modelo linear mixto a los datos. Resultados: El programa aerobico tuvo muy buena adherencia y esta aumentó con el tiempo mientras el programa mixto tuvo 100% de adherencia. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el score de NAFLD al enrolamiento, mientras hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el score medio de NAFLD después de 6 meses pero el score en el grupo del programa aerobico tuvo una reducción del 22% más intensa que el programa mixto. Este último programa por lo tanto se ha mostrado menos efectivo que el programa aerobico. Conclusión: Un programa de actividad física aerobica es un tratamiento realístico que podría ser efectuado no solo para la NAFLD sino también como prevención primaria de otras enfermedades crónicas.

Socio-Environmental Patterns Associated with Cancer Mortality: A Study Based on a Quality of Life Approach

Background: With 18.6% of total deaths due to malignant tumors in 2016, cancer is the second leading death cause in Argentina. While there is a broad consensus on common risk factors at the individual cancer level, those operating at a contextual level have been poorly studied in developing countries. The objective of our study was to identify socio-environmental patterns in Argentina (2010), emphasizing quality of life, and to explore their associations with the spatial distribution of cancer mortality in the country. Methods: The study was conducted in 525 geographical divisions nested into 24 provinces. Sex-specific crude and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for cancer (2009-2011 period) were calculated. Empirically derived socio-environmental patterns were identified through principal-component factor analysis on a selected set of variables: an urban scale and 29 indicators of a quality of life index in Argentina for 2010. Two-level Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations between the ASMR and the continuous factor scores for socio-environmental patterns as covariates. A random intercept was included to account for spatial variability in the ASMR distribution using Stata software. Results: Four socio-environmental patterns were identified, termed "Contexts with urban-related resources or cultural capital", "Socioeconomically prosperous contexts", "Environments with anthropic exposures" and "Plains region" (cumulative explained variance=57%). High mortality rates were found in counties characterized by socioeconomically prosperous contexts (RR=1.025 in women; 1.088 in men) and plain landscapes (RR=1.057 and 1.117, respectively). Counties featuring urban or cultural resources demonstrated increased mortality in women (RR=1.015, 95%CI=1.005-1.025), whereas rising rates associated with environments having anthropic exposures (RR=1.008, 95%CI=1.001-1.016) were observed only for men. Conclusion: This study identified four characteristic socio-environmental patterns in Argentina which incorporate features of quality of life, accounting to some extent for the differential burden of cancer mortality in this country.

Proinflammatory Dietary Intake is Associated with Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer: Results of a Case-Control Study in Argentina Using a Multilevel Modeling Approach.

Little evidence regarding the inflammatory potential of diet and its effect on colorectal cancer exists in Latin American countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in Córdoba, Argentina. A frequency-matched case-control study (N = 446, including 144 (32.3%) CRC cases and 302 (67.7%) controls was conducted in Córdoba (Argentina) from 2008 through 2015. DII® scores were computed based on dietary intake assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multilevel logistic regression models were fit to evaluate the association between DII scores and CRC, following adjustment for age, body mass index, sex, energy intake, smoking habits, socio-economic status, physical activity, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as first-level covariates and level of urbanization as the contextual variable. Odds of colorectal cancer increased linearly with increasing DII scores (ORcontinuous 1.34; 95%CI 1.07 to 1.69 and ORtertile3 vs. tertile1 1.21; 95%CI 1.01 to 1.44). The association was stronger among men than women (ORcontinuous 1.29; 95%CI 1.21 to 1.37 vs. ORcontinuous 1.05; 95%CI 0.83 to 1.33, respectively). A proinflammatory diet, reflected by higher DII scores, was positively associated with colorectal cancer occurrence, mainly in men.

Inequidades en salud: análisis sociodemográfico y espacial del cáncer de mama en mujeres de Córdoba, Argentina / Inequities in health: socio-demographic and spatial analysis of breast cancer in women from Córdoba, Argentina

Objetivo: Identificar determinantes sociodemográficos asociados a la distribución espacial de la incidencia de cáncer de mama en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina, a fin de develar inequidades sociales en salud. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio ecológico en Córdoba (26 departamentos como unidades geográficas de análisis). Mediante el índice de Moran se estimó la autocorrelación espacial de las tasas de incidencia de cáncer de mama, brutas y estandarizadas, y de indicadores sociodemográficos de urbanización, fecundidad y envejecimiento poblacional. Estas variables fueron incorporadas a un Sistema de Información Geográfica para su mapeo. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión de Poisson multinivel, para la tasa de incidencia de cáncer de mama como variable respuesta, indicadores sociodemográficos seleccionados como covariables, y porcentaje de hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas como variable de ajuste. Resultados: En Córdoba, Argentina, existe un patrón no aleatorio en las distribuciones espaciales de las tasas de incidencia de cáncer de mama y de ciertos indicadores sociodemográficos. El incremento medio anual de la población urbana fue inversamente asociado a la ocurrencia de cáncer de mama, mientras que la proporción de hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas presentó una asociación directa. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados definen escenarios de inequidad social que explican, en parte, los diferenciales geográficos de la carga del cáncer de mama en Córdoba, Argentina. Las mujeres residentes en hogares socioeconómicamente desfavorecidos y en áreas menos urbanizadas requieren especial atención en futuros estudios e intervenciones de salud pública en cáncer de mama (AU)

Objective: To identify sociodemographic determinants associated with the spatial distribution of the breast cancer incidence in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, in order to reveal underlying social inequities. Method: An ecological study was developed in Córdoba (26 counties as geographical units of analysis). The spatial autocorrelation of the crude and standardised incidence rates of breast cancer, and the sociodemographic indicators of urbanization, fertility and population ageing were estimated using Moran's index. These variables were entered into a Geographic Information System for mapping. Poisson multilevel regression models were adjusted, establishing the breast cancer incidence rates as the response variable, and by selecting sociodemographic indicators as covariables and the percentage of households with unmet basic needs as adjustment variables. Results: In Córdoba, Argentina, a non-random pattern in the spatial distribution of breast cancer incidence rates and in certain sociodemographic indicators was found. The mean increase in annual urban population was inversely associated with breast cancer, whereas the proportion of households with unmet basic needs was directly associated with this cancer. Conclusions: Our results define social inequity scenarios that partially explain the geographical differentials in the breast cancer burden in Córdoba, Argentina. Women residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged households and in less urbanized areas merit special attention in future studies and in breast cancer public health activities (AU)

[Inequities in health: socio-demographic and spatial analysis of breast cancer in women from Córdoba, Argentina]. / Inequidades en salud: análisis sociodemográfico y espacial del cáncer de mama en mujeres de Córdoba, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To identify sociodemographic determinants associated with the spatial distribution of the breast cancer incidence in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, in order to reveal underlying social inequities. METHOD: An ecological study was developed in Córdoba (26 counties as geographical units of analysis). The spatial autocorrelation of the crude and standardised incidence rates of breast cancer, and the sociodemographic indicators of urbanization, fertility and population ageing were estimated using Moran's index. These variables were entered into a Geographic Information System for mapping. Poisson multilevel regression models were adjusted, establishing the breast cancer incidence rates as the response variable, and by selecting sociodemographic indicators as covariables and the percentage of households with unmet basic needs as adjustment variables. RESULTS: In Córdoba, Argentina, a non-random pattern in the spatial distribution of breast cancer incidence rates and in certain sociodemographic indicators was found. The mean increase in annual urban population was inversely associated with breast cancer, whereas the proportion of households with unmet basic needs was directly associated with this cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our results define social inequity scenarios that partially explain the geographical differentials in the breast cancer burden in Córdoba, Argentina. Women residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged households and in less urbanized areas merit special attention in future studies and in breast cancer public health activities.

Burden of cancer mortality and differences attributable to demographic aging and risk factors in Argentina, 1986-2011.

The world faces an aging population that implies a large number of people affected with chronic diseases. Argentina has reached an advanced stage of demographic transition and presents a comparatively high rate of cancer mortality within Latin America. The objectives of this study were to examine cancer mortality trends in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, between 1986 and 2011, and to analyze the differences attributable to risk variations and demographic changes. Longitudinal series of age-standardized mortality rates for overall, breast and prostate cancers were modeled by Joinpoint regression to estimate the annual percent change. The Bashir & Estève method was used to split crude mortality rate variation into three components: mortality risk, population age structure and population size. A decreasing cancer age-standardized mortality rates trend was observed (1986-2011 annual percent change: -1.4, 95%CI: -1.6, -1.2 in men; -0.8, 95%CI: -1.0, -0.6 in women), with a significant shift in 1996. There were positive crude mortality rate net changes for overall female cancer, breast and prostate cancers, which were primarily attributable to demographic changes. Inversely, overall male cancer crude mortality rate showed a 9.15% decrease, mostly due to mortality risk. Despite favorable age-standardized mortality rates trends, the influence of population aging reinforces the challenge to control cancer in populations with an increasingly aged demographic structure.

Burden of cancer mortality and differences attributable to demographic aging and risk factors in Argentina, 1986-2011 / Carga de mortalidad por cáncer y diferencias atribuibles al envejecimiento poblacional y factores de riesgo en Argentina, 1986-2011 / Carga de mortalidade por câncer e diferenças atribuíveis ao envelhecimento populacional e fatores de risco na Argentina, 1986-2011

Abstract: The world faces an aging population that implies a large number of people affected with chronic diseases. Argentina has reached an advanced stage of demographic transition and presents a comparatively high rate of cancer mortality within Latin America. The objectives of this study were to examine cancer mortality trends in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, between 1986 and 2011, and to analyze the differences attributable to risk variations and demographic changes. Longitudinal series of age-standardized mortality rates for overall, breast and prostate cancers were modeled by Joinpoint regression to estimate the annual percent change. The Bashir & Estève method was used to split crude mortality rate variation into three components: mortality risk, population age structure and population size. A decreasing cancer age-standardized mortality rates trend was observed (1986-2011 annual percent change: -1.4, 95%CI: -1.6, -1.2 in men; -0.8, 95%CI: -1.0, -0.6 in women), with a significant shift in 1996. There were positive crude mortality rate net changes for overall female cancer, breast and prostate cancers, which were primarily attributable to demographic changes. Inversely, overall male cancer crude mortality rate showed a 9.15% decrease, mostly due to mortality risk. Despite favorable age-standardized mortality rates trends, the influence of population aging reinforces the challenge to control cancer in populations with an increasingly aged demographic structure.

Resumen: El mundo enfrenta el fenómeno del envejecimiento poblacional, con grandes contingentes de individuos afectados por enfermedades crónicas. Entre los países de América Latina, Argentina ya alcanzó un nivel avanzado en la transición demográfica y presenta una tasa relativamente alta de mortalidad por cáncer. El estudio tuvo como objetivos: examinar las tendencias en la mortalidad por cáncer en la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina, entre 1986 y 2011, y analizar las diferencias atribuibles a variaciones de riesgo y cambios demográficos. Para estimar la variación porcentual anual, se elaboraron modelos de series longitudinales de la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por edad para todos los cánceres y, específicamente, para mama y próstata utilizando regresión Joinpoint. Se utilizó el método de Bashir & Estève para dividir la variación de la tasa bruta de mortalidad en tres componentes: riesgo de mortalidad, estructura etaria poblacional y tamaño de la población. Se observó una tendencia decreciente en la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por edad por cáncer (variación porcentual annual 1986-2011: -1,4; IC95%: -1,6; -1,2 en hombres; -0,8; IC95%: -1,0; -0,6 en mujeres), con un cambio significativo en 1996. Las tasas brutas de mortalidad aumentaron para todos los cánceres en mujeres, y de mama y próstata, lo cual fue atribuible principalmente a cambios demográficos. Inversamente, la tasa bruta de mortalidad para todos los cánceres en hombres mostró una caída de 9,15%, influenciada básicamente por el riesgo de mortalidad. A pesar de las tendencias favorables en la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por edad, la influencia del envejecimiento poblacional refuerza el desafío del control de cáncer en poblaciones con una estructura etaria cada vez más envejecida.

Resumo: O mundo enfrenta o fenômeno do envelhecimento populacional, com grandes contingentes de indivíduos afetados por doenças crônicas. Entre os países da América Latina, a Argentina já atingiu um patamar avançado na transição demográfica e apresenta uma taxa relativamente alta de mortalidade por câncer. O estudo teve como objetivos, examinar as tendências na mortalidade por câncer na província de Córdoba, Argentina, entre 1986 e 2011, e analisar as diferenças atribuíveis a variações de risco e mudanças demográficas. Para estimar a variação percentual anual, a regressão Joinpoint foi utilizada para elaborar modelos de séries longitudinais da taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade para todos os cânceres e especificamente para mama e próstata. Foi utilizado o método de Bashir & Estève para dividir a variação da taxa bruta de mortalidade em três componentes: risco de mortalidade, estrutura etária populacional e tamanho da população. Observou-se uma tendência decrescente na taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade por câncer (variação percentual annual 1986-2011: -1,4; IC95%: -1,6; -1,2 em homens; -0.8, IC95%: -1,0; -0.6 em mulheres), com um deslocamento significativo em 1996. As taxas brutas de mortalidade aumentaram para todos os cânceres em mulheres, e de mama e próstata, atribuíveis principalmente a mudanças demográficas. Inversamente, a taxa bruta de mortalidade para todos os cânceres em homens mostrou uma queda de 9,15%, influenciada basicamente pelo risco de mortalidade. Apesar de tendências favoráveis na taxa de mortalidade padronizada por idade, a influência do envelhecimento populacional reforça o desafio do controle de câncer em populações com estrutura etária cada vez mais envelhecida.