The New Nordic Diet: phosphorus content and absorption.

PURPOSE: High phosphorus content in the diet may have adverse effect on cardiovascular health. We investigated whether the New Nordic Diet (NND), based mainly on local, organic and less processed food and large amounts of fruit, vegetables, wholegrain and fish, versus an Average Danish Diet (ADD) would reduce the phosphorus load due to less phosphorus-containing food additives, animal protein and more plant-based proteins. METHODS: Phosphorus and creatinine were measured in plasma and urine at baseline, week 12 and week 26 in 132 centrally obese subjects with normal renal function as part of a post hoc analysis of data acquired from a 26-week controlled trial. We used the fractional phosphorus excretion as a measurement of phosphorus absorption. RESULTS: Mean baseline fractional phosphorus excretion was 20.9 ± 6.6 % in the NND group (n = 82) and 20.8 ± 5.5 % in the ADD group (n = 50) and was decreased by 2.8 ± 5.1 and 3.1 ± 5.4 %, respectively, (p = 0.6) at week 26. At week 26, the mean change in plasma phosphorus was 0.04 ± 0.12 mmol/L in the NND group and -0.03 ± 0.13 mmol/L in the ADD group (p = 0.001). Mean baseline phosphorus intake was 1950 ± 16 mg/10 MJ in the NND group and 1968 ± 22 mg/10 MJ in the ADD group and decreased less in the NND compared to the ADD (67 ± 36 mg/10 MJ and -266 ± 45 mg/day, respectively, p < 0.298). CONCLUSION: Contrary to expectations, the NND had a high phosphorus intake and did not decrease the fractional phosphorus excretion compared with ADD. Further modifications of the diet are needed in order to make this food concept beneficial regarding phosphorus absorption.

Untargeted metabolomics as a screening tool for estimating compliance to a dietary pattern.

There is a growing interest in studying the nutritional effects of complex diets. For such studies, measurement of dietary compliance is a challenge because the currently available compliance markers cover only limited aspects of a diet. In the present study, an untargeted metabolomics approach was used to develop a compliance measure in urine to distinguish between two dietary patterns. A parallel intervention study was carried out in which 181 participants were randomized to follow either a New Nordic Diet (NND) or an Average Danish Diet (ADD) for 6 months. Dietary intakes were closely monitored over the whole study period, and 24 h urine samples as well as weighed dietary records were collected several times during the study. The urine samples were analyzed by UPLC-qTOF-MS, and a partial least-squares discriminant analysis with feature selection was applied to develop a compliance model based on data from 214 urine samples. The optimized model included 52 metabolites and had a misclassification rate of 19% in a validation set containing 139 samples. The metabolites identified in the model were markers of individual foods such as citrus, cocoa-containing products, and fish as well as more general dietary traits such as high fruit and vegetable intake or high intake of heat-treated foods. It was easier to classify the ADD diet than the NND diet probably due to seasonal variation in the food composition of NND and indications of lower compliance among the NND subjects. In conclusion, untargeted metabolomics is a promising approach to develop compliance measures that cover the most important discriminant metabolites of complex diets.

Health effect of the New Nordic Diet in adults with increased waist circumference: a 6-mo randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The regional Mediterranean Diet has been associated with lower risk of disease. OBJECTIVE: We tested the health effects of the New Nordic Diet (NND), which is a gastronomically driven regional, organic, and environmentally friendly diet, in a carefully controlled but free-living setting. DESIGN: A total of 181 centrally obese men and women, with a mean (range) age of 42 y (20-66 y), body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 30.2 (22.6-47.3), and waist circumference of 100 cm (80-138 cm) were randomly assigned to receive either the NND (high in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish) or an average Danish diet (ADD) for 26 wk. Participants received cookbooks and all foods ad libitum and free of charge by using a shop model. The primary endpoint was the weight change analyzed by both completer and intention-to-treat analyses. RESULTS: A total of 147 subjects [81% (NND 81%; ADD 82%)] completed the intervention. A high dietary compliance was achieved, with significant differences in dietary intakes between groups. The mean (±SEM) weight change was -4.7 ± 0.5 kg for the NND compared with -1.5 ± 0.5 kg for the ADD (adjusted difference: -3.2 kg; 95% CI: -4.6, -1.8 kg; P < 0.001) for the completer analysis, and the difference was -3.0 kg (95% CI: -4.0, -2.1 kg) for the intention-to-treat analysis. The NND produced greater reductions in systolic blood pressure (adjusted difference: -5.1 mm Hg; 95% CI: -8.2, -2.1 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (adjusted difference: -3.2 mm Hg; 95% CI: -5.7, -0.8 mm Hg) than did the ADD. CONCLUSION: An ad libitum NND produces weight loss and blood pressure reduction in centrally obese individuals. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01195610.

Microbial enterotypes, inferred by the prevotella-to-bacteroides ratio, remained stable during a 6-month randomized controlled diet intervention with the new nordic diet.

It has been suggested that the human gut microbiota can be divided into enterotypes based on the abundance of specific bacterial groups; however, the biological significance and stability of these enterotypes remain unresolved. Here, we demonstrated that subjects (n = 62) 18 to 65 years old with central obesity and components of metabolic syndrome could be grouped into two discrete groups simply by their relative abundance of Prevotella spp. divided by Bacteroides spp. (P/B ratio) obtained by quantitative PCR analysis. Furthermore, we showed that these groups remained stable during a 6-month, controlled dietary intervention, where the effect of consuming a diet in accord with the new Nordic diet (NND) recommendations as opposed to consuming the average Danish diet (ADD) on the gut microbiota was investigated. In this study, subjects (with and without stratification according to P/B ratio) did not reveal significant changes in 35 selected bacterial taxa quantified by quantitative PCR (ADD compared to NND) resulting from the dietary interventions. However, we found higher total plasma cholesterol within the high-P/B group than in the low-P/B group after the intervention. We propose that stratification of humans based simply on their P/B ratio could allow better assessment of possible effects of interventions on the gut microbiota and physiological biomarkers.