ABSTRACT
Mexico's sugar mills face an uncertain future: the closure of San Sebastián may well presage others if the climate for sugar production on national and international levels does not improve. While the continued squeezing of small cane producers reflects processes affecting peasant agriculture generally in Mexico, and indeed beyond, the fate of the mill workers made redundant when the mill closed similarly mirrors broad tendencies in labor in both the developed and developing world under neoliberalism. Former workers fell back upon personal, family, and community resources by migrating to the U.S. or locally reconstructing livelihoods characterized by a reduction in income, security, and access to social benefits. This article reports on the impact of the mill closure on the livelihoods of former mill worker families in the community of San Sebastián and offers some observations on their responses to the situation.
Subject(s)
Agriculture/economics , Capitalism , Employment/economics , Food-Processing Industry/economics , Internationality , Saccharum , Adult , Agriculture/trends , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Employment/trends , Food-Processing Industry/trends , Humans , Mexico , Middle Aged , Privatization/economics , Social Change , Social Justice , Social Mobility , Socioeconomic Factors , Transients and Migrants , United States , WorkforceABSTRACT
Using measurements obtained by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite, relationships between layer-integrated depolarization ratio (delta) and layer-integrated attenuated backscatter (gamma) are established for moderately thick clouds of both ice and water. A new and simple form of the delta-gamma relation for spherical particles, developed from Monte Carlo simulations and suitable for both water clouds and spherical aerosol particles, is found to agree well with the observations. A high-backscatter, low-depolarization delta-gamma relationship observed for some ice clouds is shown to result primarily from horizontally oriented plates and implies a preferential lidar ratio - depolarization ratio relation in nature for ice cloud particles containing plates.
ABSTRACT
A technique we refer to as Elevation Information in Tail (EIT) has been developed to provide improved lidar altimetry from CALIPSO lidar data. The EIT technique is demonstrated using CALIPSO data and is applicable to other similar lidar systems with low-pass filters. The technique relies on an observed relation between the shape of the surface return signals (peak shape) and the detector photo-multiplier tube transient response (transient response tail). Application of the EIT to CALIPSO data resulted in an order of magnitude or better improvement in the CALIPSO land surface 30-meter elevation measurements. The results of EIT compared very well with the National Elevation Database (NED) high resolution elevation maps, and with the elevation measurements from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM).
