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2.
Environ Pollut ; 158(2): 502-7, 2010 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19786315

ABSTRACT

The effect of road salt on the eating of bacteria or bacterivory by the ciliate, Tetrahymena thermophila, was followed in non-nutrient Osterhout's solution with Escherichia coli expressing green fluorescent protein. Bacterivory was impaired at between 0.025 and 0.050% w/v but the ciliates appeared to have normal morphologies and motilities, whereas at above 0.1%, bacterivory was blocked and many ciliates died. By contrast, E. coli remained viable, suggesting salt could alter predator-prey relationships in microbial communities. In nutrient medium, salt was not toxic and the ciliates grew. After growth in salt, ciliates consumed bacteria in 0.2% salt, indicating the salt acclimation of bacterivory. Bacteria and ciliates were added to urban creek samples to compare their capacity to support exogenous bacterivory. Even though samples were collected weekly for a year and be expected to have fluctuating salt levels as a result of deicing, all creek samples supported a similar level of bacterivory.


Subject(s)
Food Chain , Sodium Chloride/toxicity , Tetrahymena thermophila/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Feeding Behavior/drug effects , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism , Tetrahymena thermophila/drug effects
4.
Epidemiology ; 9(1): 36-42, 1998 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9430266

ABSTRACT

We conducted a prospective study (N = 2,967) to evaluate the relation of spontaneous abortion with use of electrically heated beds (electric blankets and heated water beds) during pregnancy. At interview, 61.5% of women were at less than 12 weeks gestation, and 38.5% were between 13 and 16 weeks; thus, very early pregnancy losses would have been excluded. Information regarding exposure to electric beds was obtained for the month of conception and the 7 days before interview. Electric blanket use at conception was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in the unadjusted analysis [relative risk (RR) = 1.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-3.13], but adjustment for other factors reduced the risk slightly [odds ratio (OR) = 1.74; 95% CI = 0.96-3.15]. Heated water bed use was not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion at conception (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.33-1.07) or at interview (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.36-1.12). Measures of dose response (daily use, hours of use, or temperature setting) were not associated with increased risk. Wire code data were obtained for the first, or only, house lived in during pregnancy. Women living in homes classified as "very high" or "ordinary high" current configuration were not at greater risk than women living in homes with buried wires. Nor was there any trend for increased risk of spontaneous abortion by wire code category. This study does not support the hypothesis that use of electric beds or residence in a high current configuration home increases the risk of spontaneous abortion; however, it indicates that electric blanket use at the time of conception and in early pregnancy may be associated with a slight increase in risk of pregnancy loss.


Subject(s)
Abortion, Spontaneous/epidemiology , Bedding and Linens/adverse effects , Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects , Abortion, Spontaneous/etiology , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
5.
J Infect Dis ; 177(1): 48-56, 1998 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9419169

ABSTRACT

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is a common complication of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Administration of oral valaciclovir, a valine ester of acyclovir, achieves sufficient plasma acyclovir levels to inhibit many clinical isolates. Acyclovir has been associated with enhanced survival in AIDS but not with CMV disease prevention. CMV-seropositive patients (1227) with CD4 cell counts <100/mm3 were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind trial. Valaciclovir, 8 g/day, was compared with acyclovir, 3.2 or 0.8 g/day, for CMV prevention; all three arms were compared for survival. The confirmed CMV disease rate was 11.7% among valaciclovir recipients and 17.5% in the pooled acyclovir arms, a 33% reduction in risk. Time to confirmed CMV disease was significantly longer for the valaciclovir group (P = .03). A trend toward earlier mortality for valaciclovir recipients was seen (P = .06). Toxicity and earlier medication discontinuation were more common in this group. Valaciclovir significantly reduces the risk of CMV disease. Further exploration of a better-tolerated dose is warranted.


Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Acyclovir/analogs & derivatives , Acyclovir/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cytomegalovirus Infections/drug therapy , Valine/analogs & derivatives , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology , Acyclovir/administration & dosage , Acyclovir/adverse effects , Administration, Oral , Adult , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/prevention & control , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Valacyclovir , Valine/administration & dosage , Valine/adverse effects , Valine/therapeutic use
6.
Endocrinology ; 138(1): 414-23, 1997 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8977431

ABSTRACT

In mammals, GRF and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are encoded in separate genes. We report here that in the salmon a 4.5-kilobase gene contains five exons that encode the biologically active part of the GRF-like peptide (amino acids 1-32) on exon 4 and PACAP on exon 5. Analysis of two fish messenger RNAs reveals that a long precursor containing GRF and PACAP and a short precursor containing only PACAP are both expressed in the brain of at least five species of salmon, whereas mice express only the long precursor encoded by the PACAP gene. Synthetic salmon PACAP-38 and salmon GRF-like peptide-45 both stimulated GH release from cultured salmon pituitary cells; PACAP stimulated a concentration-dependent release of GH at both 4 and 24 h of incubation, whereas GRF-like peptide did not. Alternative splicing, resulting in the short precursor in which GRF-32 is excised, may provide a means for differential control of GH secretion with higher production of the more potent PACAP. A duplication of the GRF-like/PACAP gene in evolution after the divergence of fish and tetrapods would explain separate genes and regulation for GRF and PACAP in mammals.


Subject(s)
Exons , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/genetics , Growth Hormone/metabolism , Neuropeptides/genetics , Alternative Splicing , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , DNA, Complementary/analysis , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Multigene Family , Neuropeptides/pharmacology , Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide , Salmon , Transcription, Genetic
7.
Trends Ecol Evol ; 12(2): 47-9, 1997 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21237969
8.
Trends Ecol Evol ; 12(7): 275-6, 1997 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21238069
9.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 93(24): 13855-8, 1996 Nov 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11038528

ABSTRACT

We experimentally manipulated nutrient input to a rocky intertidal community, using nutrient-diffusing flowerpots, to determine (i) whether nutrients limited intertidal productivity, (ii) how a large-scale oceanographic disturbance (an El Niño event) affected patterns of nutrient limitation, (iii) the relative impacts of molluscan grazers and nutrient limitation, and (iv) if responses to experimental nutrient addition among trophic levels were more consistent with prey-dependent or ratio-dependent food chain models. Nutrients measurably increased the abundance of micrograzers (amphipods and chironomid larvae), but not algal biomass, during the summer of an El Niño year. Nutrients had no effects in two non-El Niño years and during the autumn of an El Niño year. Adding nutrients did not affect food chain stability as assessed by temporal variation in algal biomass and micrograzer abundance. Large molluscan grazers caused large reductions in micrograzers and smaller reductions in algae, indicating consistent consumer effects. The results demonstrate that in this intertidal community, nutrient limitation can occur under conditions of nutrient stress, that top-down grazing effects are typically stronger than bottom-up nutrient effects, and that prey-dependent models are more appropriate than ratio-dependent models.

10.
Trends Ecol Evol ; 10(5): 182-4, 1995 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21236997
11.
J Bacteriol ; 176(11): 3303-13, 1994 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7515043

ABSTRACT

The polar flagellar filament of Campylobacter coli VC167 is composed of two highly related (98%) flagellin subunit proteins, FlaA and FlaB, whose antigenic specificities result from posttranslational modification. FlaA is the predominant flagellin species, and mutants expressing only FlaA form a full-length flagellar filament. Although the deduced M(r) of type 2 (T2) FlaA is 58,884 and the apparent M(r) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 59,500, the solution weight-average M(r) by sedimentation analysis was 63,000. Circular dichroism studies in the presence or absence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or 50% trifluorethanol showed that the secondary structure of T2 FlaA flagellin was altered, with alpha-helix structure being increased to 25% in the nonpolar environment. The molecule also contained 35 to 48% beta-sheet and 11 to 29% beta-turn structure. Mimeotope analysis of octapeptides representing the sequence of FlaA together with immunoelectron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a panel of antisera indicated that many residues in presumed linear epitopes were inaccessible or nonepitopic in the assembled filament, with the majority being in the N-terminal 337 residues of the 572-residue flagellin. Residues at the carboxy-terminal end of the T2 FlaA subunit also become inaccessible upon assembly. Digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and endoproteinase Glu-C revealed a protease-resistant domain with an approximate M(r) of 18,700 between residues 193 and 375. Digestion with endoproteinase Arg-C and endoproteinase Lys-C allowed the mapping of a segment of surface-exposed FlaA sequence which contributes serospecificity to the VC167 T2 flagellar filament at residues between 421 and 480.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Campylobacter coli/immunology , Flagella/immunology , Flagellin/immunology , Amino Acid Sequence , Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry , Antigens, Bacterial/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Base Sequence , Campylobacter coli/chemistry , Campylobacter coli/genetics , Circular Dichroism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epitopes , Flagella/chemistry , Flagellin/chemistry , Flagellin/genetics , Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism , Microscopy, Immunoelectron , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Weight , Protein Structure, Secondary , Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Serotyping , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
12.
J Nerv Ment Dis ; 181(2): 71-9, 1993 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8426174

ABSTRACT

While the prognostic significance of comorbid psychopathology and dependence severity has been demonstrated with opiate addicts and alcoholics, no previous reports have examined these issues in cocaine abusers. We reinterviewed 94 cocaine abusers 1 year after they sought treatment to assess predictors of treatment retention and outcome. Results suggested that: a) Many cocaine abusers did comparatively well; fully a third reported complete abstinence during the 12 months preceding the follow-up interview. b) Three variables emerged as consistent predictors across several outcome domains: severity of drug use, poorer psychiatric functioning, and presence of concurrent alcoholism. c) The data supported a unidimensional model of outcome for cocaine abuse that emphasized reduction in level of substance use. However, abstinence was not strongly associated with improved functioning in all outcome areas. d) Variables associated with longer retention in treatment also tended to predict poorer outcome.


Subject(s)
Cocaine , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Adult , Alcoholism/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Probability , Severity of Illness Index , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Treatment Outcome
13.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 90(4): 1384-7, 1993 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11607368

ABSTRACT

We tested models of food chain dynamics in experimentally manipulated channels within a natural river. As light levels increased, primary productivity and the biomass of algae and primary predators increased, but the biomass of grazers remained relatively constant. In the presence of a fourth trophic level, algae and primary predators decreased, but grazers increased. These results match predictions of food chain models based on classical predator-prey theory and suggest that simple models of multitrophic level interactions are sometimes sufficient to predict the responses of natural communities to changes in environmental productivity and predators.

14.
N Engl J Med ; 327(26): 1842-8, 1992 Dec 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1448121

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) continues to be the most common index diagnosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but it is not clear which of several available agents is the most effective in preventing a recurrence of PCP. METHODS: We conducted a comparative, open-label trial in 310 adults with AIDS who had recently recovered from an initial episode of PCP and had no treatment-limiting toxic effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine. All the patients were treated with zidovudine and were randomly assigned to receive either 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg of trimethoprim once daily or 300 mg of aerosolized pentamidine administered every four weeks by jet nebulizer. The participants were followed for a median of 17.4 months. RESULTS: In the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group (n = 154) there were 14 recurrences of PCP, as compared with 36 recurrences (including 1 extrapulmonary recurrence) in the aerosolized-pentamidine group (n = 156). The estimated recurrence rates at 18 months were 11.4 percent with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 27.6 percent with pentamidine (P < 0.001). The risk of a recurrence (adjusted for initial CD4 cell count) was 3.25 times higher in the pentamidine group (P < 0.001, 95 percent confidence interval, 1.72 to 6.16). There were no significant differences between the groups in survival or in hematologic or hepatic toxicity. Crossovers from trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to aerosolized pentamidine were more common than the reverse (27 vs. 4 percent), partly because of the study protocols for the management of leukopenia. There were 19 serious bacterial infections in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group and 38 in the pentamidine group. The time to a first bacterial infection was significantly greater for those assigned to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AIDS who are receiving zidovudine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is more effective than aerosolized pentamidine in conventional doses for the prevention of recurrent pneumocystis infection.


Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Pentamidine/administration & dosage , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/prevention & control , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/administration & dosage , Aerosols , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Pentamidine/toxicity , Random Allocation , Recurrence , Survival Rate , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/toxicity , Zidovudine/therapeutic use
15.
J Bacteriol ; 174(13): 4230-8, 1992 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1624417

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter coli VC167 has been shown to undergo a reversible flagellar antigenic variation between antigenic type 1 (T1) and antigenic type 2 (T2). VC167 contains two flagellin genes, and the products of both genes are incorporated into a complex flagellar filament in both antigenic types. Although there are only minor amino acid changes in the flagellins expressed by T1 and T2 cells, the two antigenic types of flagellins can be distinguished by differences in apparent M(r) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and by immunoreactivity with T1-specific (LAH1) or T2-specific (LAH2) antiserum. The isolation of stable variants of T1 and T2 has allowed for the transfer via natural transformation of the flagellin structural genes from the T1 background into the T2 background and from the T2 background into the T1 background. In addition, the flagellin genes from VC167 T1 and T2 have been transferred into strains of Campylobacter jejuni. The results indicate that the observed antigenic variations of VC167 flagellins are dependent on the host genetic background and independent of the primary amino acid sequence. These data provide evidence that posttranslational modifications are responsible for the antigenic variation seen in VC167 flagellins.


Subject(s)
Antigenic Variation , Campylobacter coli/genetics , Flagellin/genetics , Genes, Bacterial , Base Sequence , Blotting, Southern , Campylobacter coli/immunology , Campylobacter coli/ultrastructure , Conjugation, Genetic , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Escherichia coli/genetics , Flagella/physiology , Flagella/ultrastructure , Flagellin/immunology , Microscopy, Immunoelectron , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides , Restriction Mapping , Transformation, Bacterial
16.
J Bacteriol ; 174(12): 3874-83, 1992 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1375929

ABSTRACT

The flagellar filament-hook complex was removed from Campylobacter cells by shearing and was purified by differential solubilization and ultracentrifugation at pH 11 followed by cesium chloride buoyant density ultracentrifugation. Flagellar filaments were then dissociated in 0.2 M glycine-HCl (pH 2.2), and purified hooks were collected by ultracentrifugation. The hooks (105 by 24 nm) each displayed a conical protrusion at the proximal end, a concave cavity at the distal end, and helically arranged subunits. The apparent subunit molecular weight of the hook protein of seven of the eight Campylobacter strains studied was 92,500, while that of the other was 94,000. N-terminal amino acid analysis of the hook protein of two strains of Campylobacter coli and one strain of Campylobacter jejuni demonstrated that the first 15 residues were identical. Amino acid composition analysis showed that the Campylobacter hook protein contained 35.7% hydrophobic and 9.5% basic residues. Isoelectric focusing determined that the hook protein was acidic, with a pI of 4.9. Comparisons with the Salmonella and Caulobacter hook protein compositions and N-terminal amino acid sequences indicated that the Campylobacter protein was related, but more distantly than these two proteins were to each other. Immunochemical analysis with four different antisera and a panel of eight strains showed that serospecific epitopes were immunodominant. The Campylobacter hook proteins carried both cross-reactive and specific non-surface-exposed epitopes, as well as serospecific epitopes which were exposed on the surface of the assembled hook. One class of these surface-exposed hook epitopes was shared with serospecific flagellin epitopes and may involve posttranslational modification, while the second class of epitopes was hook specific and not shared with flagellin.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Campylobacter coli/chemistry , Campylobacter jejuni/chemistry , Amino Acid Sequence , Amino Acids/analysis , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Bacterial Proteins/immunology , Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification , Campylobacter coli/immunology , Campylobacter jejuni/immunology , Cross Reactions , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epitopes , Microscopy, Electron , Molecular Sequence Data
17.
Science ; 255(5045): 695-702, 1992 Feb 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17756948

ABSTRACT

Soils are differentiated vertically by coupled chemical, mechanical, and biological transport processes. Soil properties vary with depth, depending on the subsurface stresses, the extent of mixing, and the balance between mass removal in solution or suspension and mass accumulation near the surface. Channels left by decayed roots and burrowing animals allow organic and inorganic detritus and precipitates to move through the soil from above. Accumulation occurs at depths where small pores restrict further passage. Consecutive phases of translocation and root growth stir the soil; these processes constitute an invasive dilatational process that leads to positive cumulative strains. In contrast, below the depth of root penetration and mass additions, mineral dissolution by descending organic acids leads to internal collapse under overburden load. This softened and condensed precursor horizon is transformed into soil by biological activity, which stirs and expands the evolving residuum by invasion by roots and macropore networks that allows mixing of materials from above.

18.
J Clin Microbiol ; 29(11): 2438-45, 1991 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1774247

ABSTRACT

Flagellin mutations originally constructed in Campylobacter coli VC167 (serotype LIO8) by a gene replacement mutagenesis technique (P. Guerry, S. M. Logan, S. Thornton, and T. J. Trust, J. Bacteriol. 172:1853-1860, 1990) were moved from the original host into Campylobacter strains of a number of other Lior serogroups by a natural transformation procedure. This is the first report of the use of this transformation method to transfer a mutated locus among Campylobacter strains. Flagellin mutants were constructed in a number of heat-labile LIO serotypes and were serotyped and analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy with LIO typing antisera. In six cases, isogenic nonflagellated mutants were able to be serotyped in the same serogroup as their parent, and immunogold electron microscopy confirmed that antibodies in the typing antisera bound to components on the surface of both parent and mutant cells. However, in only one case, a strain belonging to serogroup LIO4, was a nonflagellated mutant untypeable, and immunogold electron microscopy showed that antibodies bound to the flagella filament of the parent but not to the cell surface. Furthermore, after introduction and expression as a flagellar filament of a LIO8 flagellin gene in this mutant, the strain could not be serotyped. These results indicate that a nonflagellar antigen is often the serodeterminant in the heat-labile Lior serotyping scheme.


Subject(s)
Campylobacter coli/classification , Campylobacter coli/ultrastructure , Campylobacter jejuni/classification , Campylobacter jejuni/ultrastructure , Flagella/ultrastructure , Alleles , Campylobacter coli/genetics , Campylobacter jejuni/genetics , Flagella/physiology , Flagellin/genetics , Genes, Bacterial , Hot Temperature , Mutation , Serotyping/methods
19.
J Bacteriol ; 173(15): 4757-64, 1991 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1856171

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter coli VC167 T2 has two flagellin genes, flaA and flaB, which share 91.9% sequence identity. The flaA gene is transcribed from a o-28 promoter, and the flaB gene from a o-54 promoter. Gene replacement mutagenesis techniques were used to generate flaA+ flaB and flaA flaB+ mutants. Both gene products are capable of assembling independently into functional filaments. A flagellar filament composed exclusively of the flaA gene product is indistinguishable in length from that of the wild type and shows a slight reduction in motility. The flagellar filament composed exclusively of the flaB gene product is severely truncated in length and greatly reduced in motility. Thus, while both flagellins are not necessary for motility, both products are required for a fully active flagellar filament. Although the wild-type flagellar filament is a heteropolymer of the flaA and flaB gene products, immunogold electron microscopy suggests that flaB epitopes are poorly surface exposed along the length of the wild-type filament.


Subject(s)
Campylobacter/genetics , Flagellin/genetics , Genes, Bacterial , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Campylobacter/physiology , Campylobacter/ultrastructure , Cell Movement , Cloning, Molecular , Flagella/physiology , Flagella/ultrastructure , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis , Promoter Regions, Genetic
20.
J Med Microbiol ; 33(3): 189-98, 1990 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2250289

ABSTRACT

Chronic osteomyelitis was produced by inoculating Staphylococcus aureus into rat tibia. The infection was characterised grossly by bone deformation and histopathologically by inflammation and the presence of coccal organisms sequestered within the bone tissue. Further observations by scanning electronmicroscopy demonstrated bacteria in microcolonies surrounded by dehydrated amorphous material that was considered to be glycocalyx. Transmission electronmicroscopy, when aided by antibody stabilisation, revealed extensive glycocalyx production within the tibia. These findings indicate that the rat model of chronic S. aureus osteomyelitis mimics the human infection with respect to the sessile mode of growth of bacteria within the bone. Serum antibody levels were assayed by ELISA and immunoblotting procedures. After an initial increase, ELISA titres remained relatively stable, apparently indicating the establishment of chronic osteomyelitis, whereas in immunoblotting an increase in titre over the course of infection was observed. Whole-cell ELISA revealed less subtle differences in antibody titre than did immunoblotting with cell-wall antigen. We found that mid-range antigens, including an antigen implicated as protein A, featured prominently in the immune response in this model of infection.


Subject(s)
Disease Models, Animal , Osteomyelitis/pathology , Staphylococcal Infections , Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity , Animals , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunoblotting , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Osteomyelitis/immunology , Osteomyelitis/microbiology , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains
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