ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Oral contraceptives pills (OCPs) are common and a convenient form of contraception. The use of hormonal contraceptives by women has been considered to influence gingival and periodontal disease progression. AIM: This study was conducted to assess the effect of oral contraceptive pills on the periodontal health. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 200 females aged 18 years and above of Jaipur city. The study subjects were divided into two groups i.e. contraceptive users and non-contraceptive users, each group consisted 100 females. Data was collected using Modified WHO Performa (1997). Periodontal status was examined using Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LOA). Chi-square test and one sample t-test was used for statistical analysis and P value was set (p< 0.05) as significant. RESULTS: Mean CPI score in subjects and non-contraceptive users was 2.34+ 0.81 and 1.16+ 0.89 respectively. Mean LOA score in each group was 0.28+ 0.45 and 0.19+ 0.50 respectively. CONCLUSION: Oral Contraceptive pills had adverse effects on periodontal health.
Subject(s)
Contraceptives, Oral/administration & dosage , Gingivitis/chemically induced , Periodontal Attachment Loss/chemically induced , Periodontal Diseases/chemically induced , Periodontitis/chemically induced , Periodontium/drug effects , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Contraceptives, Oral/adverse effects , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Plaque Index , Female , Gingivitis/epidemiology , Humans , India/epidemiology , Periodontal Attachment Loss/epidemiology , Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology , Periodontal Index , Periodontal Pocket , Periodontitis/epidemiology , Prevalence , Young AdultABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To evaluate the possible antifertility activity of Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb) Voigt. stem extract in male rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Male rats were given 70% methanol extract of S. acidum stem orally at dose levels of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 60 days. Fertility was evaluated with mating test. Sperm motility and sperm density in cauda epididymides were also assessed. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed on blood samples and on the reproductive organs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>S. acidum stem extract resulted in an arrest of spermatogenesis without any systemic side effect. Sperm motility as well as sperm density was reduced significantly. Treatment caused a 80% reduction in fertility at the 50 mg dose and complete suppression of fertility at the 100 mg dose. There was no significant change in RBC and WBC count, hemoglobin, haematocrit, sugar and urea in the whole blood and cholesterol, protein and phospholipid in the serum. The protein and glycogen content of the testes, fructose in the seminal vesicle and protein in epididymides were significantly decreased. Cholesterol in the testes was elevated. Treatment at both of the doses caused a marked reduction in the number of primary spermatocytes (preleptotene and pachytene), secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. The number of mature Leydig cells was decreased, and degenerating Leydig cells was increased proportionately.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>S. acidum stem extract arrests spermatogenesis in male rats without noticable side effects.</p>
