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1.
MEDICC Rev ; 24(2): 26-34, 2022 May 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35648060

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Immunity in cancer patients is modified both by the cancer itself and by oncospecific treatments. Whether a patient's adaptive immunity is impaired depends on their levels of naive lymphocytes and other cell populations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer patients are at greater risk of progressing to severe forms of the disease and have higher mortality rates than individuals without cancer, particularly while they are receiving cancer-specific therapies. An individual's protection against infection, their response to vaccines, and even the tests that determine the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, depend on lymphocyte populations, meriting their study. OBJECTIVE: Estimate blood concentrations of lymphocytes involved in the immune response to new pathogens in cancer patients. METHODS: We carried out an analytical study of 218 cancer patients; 124 women and 94 men, 26-93 years of age, who were treated at the National Oncology and Radiobiology Institute in Havana, Cuba, March-June, 2020. Patients were divided into five groups: (1) those with controlled disease who were not undergoing cancer-specific treatment; (2) those undergoing debulking surgery; (3) patients undergoing chemotherapy; (4) patients undergoing radiation therapy and (5) patients currently battling infection. We evaluated the following peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations via flow cytometry: B lymphocytes (total, naive, transitional, memory, plasmablasts and plasma cells); T lymphocytes (total, helper, cytotoxic and their respective naive, activated, central memory and effector memory subsets); and total, secretory and cytotoxic natural killer cells and T natural killer cells. We also estimated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios. Lymphocyte concentrations were associated with controlled disease and standard cancer therapy. For variables that did not fall within a normal distribution, ranges were set by medians and 2.5-97.5 percentiles. The two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test was used to measure the effect of sex and to compare lymphocyte populations. We calculated odds ratios to estimate lymphopenia risk. RESULTS: All cancer patients had lower values of naive helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte populations, naive B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells than normal reference medians. Naive helper T cells were the most affected subpopulation. Memory B cells, plasmablasts, plasma cells, activated T helper cells, and cytotoxic central memory T cells were increased. Patients undergoing treatment had lower levels of naive lymphocytes than untreated patients, particularly during radiation therapy. The risk of B lymphopenia was higher in patients in treatment. The odds ratio for B lymphopenia was 8.0 in patients who underwent surgery, 12.9 in those undergoing chemotherapy, and 13.9 in patients in radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer and conventional cancer therapies significantly affect peripheral blood B lymphocyte levels, particularly transitional T helper lymphocytes, reducing the immune system's ability to trigger primary immune responses against new antigens.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Lymphopenia , Neoplasms , Cuba , Female , Humans , Lymphocyte Subsets , Male , Neoplasms/therapy , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2
2.
Rev. cuba. hematol. inmunol. hemoter ; 38(2): e1646, abr.-jun. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1408460

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los cambios en el inmunofenotipo de los linfocitos en los pacientes con linfoma no Hodgkin están asociados con el pronóstico y las respuestas terapéuticas. Sin embargo, no se ha establecido sistemáticamente la asociación con la enfermedad y por tanto su contribución al diagnóstico. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación del inmunofenotipo linfocitario en sangre periférica con la presencia del linfoma no Hodgkin. Métodos: Se analizaron 31 muestras de sangre periférica de pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de linfoma no Hodgkin y de 68 individuos sanos como controles, durante el período de 2018 a 2020. Se empleó la citometría de flujo multiparamétrica para el inmunofenotipado. Se calculó el área bajo la curva y el índice de Youden para establecer puntos de corte en los porcentajes linfocitarios. La asociación de los cambios inmunofenotípicos con el linfoma no Hodgkin, se realizó mediante cálculos de Odd ratio. Resultados: El aumento de linfocitos TCD8+ y NKCD56opaco se asoció significativamente con la presencia de linfoma no Hodgkin (OR= 3,4 y 2,9; respectivamente). Por el contrario, la disminución de linfocitos TCD4+, T doble positivo, T doble negativo y NKCD56brillante también se asoció con la existencia de linfoma no Hodgkin (OR= 23,0; 10,7; 6,9 y 15,8; respectivamente). Además, la disminución del índice CD4/CD8 también fue asociada con la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Los cambios encontrados en los inmunofenotipos linfocitarios se asociaron de forma significativa con la presencia del linfoma no Hodgkin, lo cual representa una expresión sistémica de la enfermedad y sugiere su valor diagnóstico(AU)


Introduction: Lymphocyte immunophenotype changes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients are associated with prognosis and therapeutic responses. However, its association with the disease has not been systematically established. Therefor its contribution to the diagnosis process. Objective: To assess the association of lymphocyte immunophenotype in peripheral blood with the presence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Methods: 31 peripheral blood samples were analyzed from patients with a confirmed diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and from 68 healthy individuals as controls, during the period 2018 to 2020. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used for immunophenotyping. The area under the curve and the Youden index were calculated to establish cut-off points in lymphocyte percentages. The association of immunophenotypic changes with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was made using Odd ratio calculations. Results: The increase in TCD8+ and NKCD56dim lymphocytes from peripheral blood was significantly associated with the presence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR= 3.4 and 2.9, respectively). Oppositely, the decrease in TCD4+, double positive T, double negative T and NKCD56bright lymphocytes was associated with the existence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR= 23.0, 10.7, 6.9 and 15.8, respectively). Therefore, the decrease in the CD4/CD8 rate was also associated with the disease. Conclusion: The changes found in these lymphocytic immunophenotypes were significantly associated with the presence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which represents a systemic expression of the disease and suggests its diagnostic value(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin , CD4 Antigens , Immunophenotyping/methods , CD8 Antigens , Flow Cytometry/methods
3.
Rev. cuba. hematol. inmunol. hemoter ; 36(2): e1187, abr.-jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1149900

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La determinación de los inmunofenotipos linfocitarios en sangre periférica forma parte de la evaluación del estado general del sistema inmunitario. Estos exámenes ofrecen informaciones sobre la distribución, concentración y funcionabilidad de las células inmunitarias, lo cual contribuye a establecer pronósticos en el cáncer y predicciones a las respuestas terapéuticas. Objetivo: Evaluar la distribución de las concentraciones linfocitarias circulantes en sangre periférica de pacientes con cáncer. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico en 154 pacientes con cáncer, atendidos en el Instituto de Oncología y Radiobiología de La Habana, durante los años 2017 a 2019. Se empleó la citometría de flujo multiparamétrica para identificar los inmunofenotipos linfocitarios. Este procedimiento se realizó antes de comenzar cualquier tratamiento inmunoterapéutico. Resultados: Los pacientes con cáncer mostraron mayor heterogeneidad en la distribución de las poblaciones linfocitarias respecto a los controles. En los pacientes la mediana de los linfocitos totales y de las subpoblaciones linfocitarias CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ y CD19+ fueron significativamente menores. Los linfocitos T dobles positivos (CD4/CD8) se encontraron elevados significativamente. No se hallaron diferencias entre sexos. La edad se asoció negativamente con las concentraciones de las poblaciones T en tumores sólidos, y con T y B en los linfomas. En el cáncer de próstata se obtuvieron los valores más bajos de poblaciones linfocitarias. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con cáncer tienen menor concentración de linfocitos en sangre periférica que los controles sanos. Las células más afectadas fueron las subpoblaciones T y los linfocitos B. La edad se asoció negativamente con las concentraciones sanguíneas de linfocitos, lo cual pudiera estar en relación con la inmunosenescencia(AU)


Introduction: Determination of lymphocytic immunophenotypes in peripheral blood is part of the evaluation of the general state of the immune system. These tests provide information about the distribution, concentration, and functionality of immune cells, which helps establish prognoses in cancer and predictions of therapeutic responses. Objective: To evaluate the distribution of circulating lymphocyte concentrations in peripheral blood of cancer patients. Methods: An analytical study was carried out with 154 cancer patients treated at the Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology in Havana, from 2017 to 2019. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to identify lymphocyte immunophenotypes. This procedure was performed before beginning any immunotherapeutic treatment. Results: Cancer patients showed greater heterogeneity in the distribution of lymphocyte populations compared to control patients. The median for total lymphocytes and the lymphocyte subpopulations of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ were significantly lower in patients. CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T lymphocytes were found to be significantly elevated. No sex differences were found. Age was negatively associated with the concentrations of T-cells populations in solid tumors, and with T- and B-cells populations in lymphomas. In prostate cancer, the lowest values ​​of lymphocyte populations were obtained. Conclusions: Cancer patients have a lower concentration of lymphocytes in peripheral blood than healthy patients in the control group. The most affected ones were the T-cells subpopulations and B lymphocytes. Age was negatively associated with blood levels of lymphocytes, which could be related to immunosenescence(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Immunophenotyping/methods , Flow Cytometry/methods , Medical Oncology/methods
4.
Rev. cuba. hematol. inmunol. hemoter ; 35(4): e1123, oct.-dic. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1093297

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El cáncer epitelial de ovario (CEO) ocupa el sexto lugar en incidencia y mortalidad a nivel mundial y en Cuba, el quinto en incidencia. Este cáncer es inmunogénicoy sus células malignas crecen en interacción conlas células inmunitarias. Su curso clínico depende del infiltrado inflamatorio acompañante del tumor. La citología e histopatología son los métodos diagnóstico de elección. Sin embargo, la citometría de flujo emerge como una tecnología de mayor sensibilidad, objetividad y rapidez. Objetivo: Diseñar un panel multicolor de citometría de flujo para inmunofenotipar el infiltrado linfocitario de tres tipos de muestras de pacientes con CEO. Métodos: Se realizó un diseño experimental, para la creación y evaluación de un panel multicolor de citometríade flujo, en el laboratorio de Inmunología del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología. El panel se diseñó en sangre de 3 sujetos sanos y se optimizó para sangre periférica en 33 sujetos sanos y, en sangre periférica, ascitis y tejido tumoral ovárico de tres pacientes con CEO. En cada muestra se inmunofenotiparon varias poblaciones linfocitarias. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 11 marcadores antigénicos para el inmunofenotipo, el panel quedó conformado por 4 tubos de citometría. La metodología se pudo aplicar a las muestras de ascitis y tejido tumoral sin interferencias, se obtuvieron porcentajes de las subpoblaciones linfocitarias dentro de los valores esperados. Conclusiones: El panel diseñado permitió inmunofenotipar linfocitos en distintos tipos de muestras de pacientes con CEO, con resultados confiables y reproducibles. Esta metodología puede extenderse a la realización de inmunofenotipaje en otras enfermedades(AU)


Introduction: Epithelial ovarian cancer occupies the 6th place in incidence and mortality in women worldwide. In Cuba, it occupies the 5th place in incidence in females. This cancer is immunogenic and its malignant cells grow in interaction with multiple cells from immune system. Its clinical course depends largely on the type of inflammatory infiltrate accompanying the tumor. Cytology and histopathology are gold standard as diagnostic methods. However, flow cytometry emerges as a technology with greater sensitivity, objectivity and speed. Objective: To design a multicolored flow cytometry panel to immunophenotype the lymphocytic infiltrate of three types of samples for patients with ovarian cancer. Methods: An experimental design was carried out in vitro for the creation and evaluation of a multicolored flow cytometry panel in the Immunology laboratory of the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Cuba. The panel was designed in the blood of three healthy subjects; then it was optimized for blood in 33 healthy volunteers and blood, ascites and ovarian tumor tissue, from three patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Several lymphocytes lineages were immunophenotypedin each sample. Results: Eleven markers were selected for the immunophenotype and the panel was made up of four multiparameter cytometry tubes. The methodology created could be applied to the samples of ascites and tumor tissue without interferences and percentages of different lymphocyte subpopulations were obtained within the expected values. Conclusions: The designed panel allowed immunophenotyping of lymphocytes in different types of ovarian cancer patient samples and reliable and reproducible results were obtained. This methodology could be employed for others diseases(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Flow Cytometry/methods , Immunophenotyping/methods , Equipment Design/methods , Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/diagnosis
5.
Rev. cuba. hematol. inmunol. hemoter ; 35(3): e1068, jul.-set. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | CUMED, LILACS | ID: biblio-1093281

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los linfomas no-Hodgkin pueden infiltrar el sistema nervioso central y producir síntomas neurológicos, lo cual incrementa la mortalidad. El diagnóstico de esta infiltración se puede realizar mediante el estudio del líquido cefalorraquídeo por la técnica de citometría de flujo, con una mayor sensibilidad que la citología convencional. Objetivo: Estimar la supervivencia global de pacientes con Linfoma no-Hodgkin y síntomas neurológicos según el inmunofenotipo celular del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico y prospectivo en 15 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de linfoma no-Hodgkin y síntomas neurológicos, con citología negativa del líquido cefalorraquídeo, tratados en el servicio de oncología del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología, durante los años 2017 y 2018. El inmunofenotipo fue caracterizado mediante citometría de flujo multiparamétrica. Resultados: El 60,0 por ciento de los pacientes fue del sexo femenino y el 53,4 por ciento mayor de 60 años. Hubo una mortalidad del 26,7 por ciento. Se realizaron 17 inmunofenotipos, el 58,9 por ciento fue normal, el 23,4 por ciento reactivo y el 17,7 por ciento sospechoso de malignidad. La supervivencia global fue mayor en pacientes con líquido cefalorraquídeo con inmunofenotipo normal (HR. 0.04). Conclusiones: La citometría de flujo pudo discriminar células sospechosas de malignidad, en pacientes cuyas citologías fueron negativas. La presencia en el líquido cefalorraquídeo de células atípicas, de pleocitosis y de un índice de linfocito-monocito alto se asoció con una supervivencia global menor(AU)


Introduction: When non-Hodgkin lymphomas infiltrate the central nervous system increases mortality. The diagnosis of this infiltration can be made by the study of cerebrospinal fluid using flow cytometry, with a higher sensitivity than conventional cytology. Objective: To estimate the relationship between the cellular immunophenotype of the cerebrospinal fluid and the overall survival of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and neurological symptoms. Methods: An analytical and prospective study was conducted in 15 patients with confirmed diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and neurological symptoms, with negative cytology of the cerebrospinal fluid. Patients cared at Oncology Department of the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, during the years 2017-2018. The immunophenotype was characterized by multiparametric flow cytometry. Results: 60.0 percent of the patients was female and 53.4 percent older than 60 years. There was an overall mortality of 26.7 percent 17 immunophenotypes were found, 58.9 percent of them was normal, 23.4 percent reactive and 17.7 percent suspected of malignancy. Overall survival advantage was obtained in patients with cerebrospinal fluid with normal immunophenotype (HR 0.04). Conclusions: Flow cytometry could discriminate cells suspected of malignancy, in patients whose cytologies were negative. The presence in the cerebrospinal fluid of atypical cells, pleocytosis and a high lymphocyte-monocyte index were associated with a lower overall survival(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/cerebrospinal fluid , Immunophenotyping/methods , Flow Cytometry/methods , Survival Analysis , Laboratory and Fieldwork Analytical Methods/methods , Nervous System Diseases/complications
6.
Am J Nephrol ; 46(1): 39-46, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28614819

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Arterial calcification (AC) is frequent in patients with end stage renal disease and is also considered a risk factor for later morbidity and mortality. However, long-term factors associated with the process are not well known. We analyzed the trends over time of biomarkers related with development and progression of AC in incident patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: We performed a prospective study with 186 patients on PD followed up for 1 year. We analyzed the progression of AC in the abdominal aorta and pelvic vessels by calcification score (CaSc), using16-cut computerized multidetector tomography at baseline and 1 year. Variables related with PD treatment, inflammation, and mineral metabolism were measured at baseline, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. Changes in biochemical variables were analyzed for their relationship with changes in AC. RESULTS: Over 1 year, the number of patients with AC increased from 47 to 56%, and CaSc from 355 (interquartile range [IQR] 75-792) to 529 (IQR 185-1632). A total of 43.5% of patients remained free of calcification, 11.7% had new calcifications, and 44.8% had progression of calcification. Older age, diabetes, high systolic blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, and osteoprotegerin (OPG), as well as lower levels of albumin, serum creatinine, and osteocalcin, were associated with development of new, and rapid progression of, calcification. In multivariate logistic analysis, OPG remained the most significant (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.11-1.47, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: OPG was the strongest risk factor associated with new development and rapid progression of AC in incident PD patients.


Subject(s)
Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Osteoprotegerin/blood , Peritoneal Dialysis/adverse effects , Vascular Calcification/blood , Adult , Age Factors , Aorta, Abdominal/pathology , Biomarkers/blood , Diabetes Mellitus/blood , Disease Progression , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Vascular Calcification/diagnostic imaging , Vascular Calcification/epidemiology , Vascular Calcification/etiology , Young Adult
7.
Nephron ; 135(2): 120-128, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27842310

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diastolic dysfunction (DD) and low levels of thyroid hormones (TH) are frequent found in chronic kidney disease; both are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However, a link between them has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to analyze DD as a surrogate marker of fibrosis and its association with TH in incident patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 183 incident patients on PD with preserved ejection fraction was performed. Clinical and demographic data were registered. Serum total and free (t/f) triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone levels were determined by RIA kits, albumin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by conventional assays. Transthoracic 2D echocardiogram was performed for evaluation of left ventricular (LV) mass and ejection fraction. DD was evaluated using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging. RESULTS: Patients were 43 ± 12, 42% with diabetes mellitus (DM). Some degree of DD was found in 62% of patients; 18% had grade I DD, 8% grade II DD and 36% grade III DD. Patients with grade III DD were more likely to have diabetes, older, high LV mass and low serum albumin, t/fT3 and tT4 levels. In logistic multivariate regression analysis, it was found that diabetes (B = -0.86, 95% CI 0.182-0.992, p < 0.05), hypertension (B = -0.95, 95% CI 0.184-0.817, p = 0.01) and tT3 (B = -1.94, 95% CI 0.023-0.876, p < 0.05) were associated with grade III DD. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of grade III DD was found in incident patients on PD. In addition to DM and hypertension, tT3 was found to be an independent risk factor for grade III DD and more studies are needed to understand the reasons as to why this association is present.


Subject(s)
Diastole/physiology , Peritoneal Dialysis/adverse effects , Thyroid Hormones/deficiency , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Risk Factors , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/epidemiology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
8.
Rev. cuba. hematol. inmunol. hemoter ; 32(2): 190-202, abr.-jun. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-908293

ABSTRACT

Los avances recientes en la comprensión de los mecanismos génicos y moleculares del cáncer de mama han revelado que el sistema inmune protagoniza los eventos responsables del desarrollo y la progresión del tumor. Las células de la respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa, así como diversos mediadores solubles liberados por ellas, pueden establecer una respuesta antitumoral protectora o, por el contrario, inducir eventos de inflamación crónica que favorezcan la promoción y progresión de esta enfermedad. Esta dualidad, se protagoniza en el microambiente del tumor, el cual puede regular la carcinogénesis en dependencia del infiltrado de células inmunes que predominen. Esta revisión, pretende resumir los conocimientos actuales de la relación sistema inmune-cáncer de mama, enfatizando en las células inmunes del microambiente del tumor y su importancia como biomarcadores de evolución clínica de la enfermedad(AU)


The recent advances in the understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer have demonstrated that immune system plays important events responsible for the development and progression of the tumor. The cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as diverse soluble mediators, may establish a protective anti-tumor response or, on the contrary, to induce events of chronic inflammation that favor promotion and progression of disease. This duality occurs in the tumor microenvironment, which can regulate the carcinogenesis depending on the predominant immune cells. This revision summarizes the current knowledge of the relationship between immune system - breast cancer, emphasizing in the immune cells of the tumor microenvironment and its importance as biological markers of the clinical evolution of the disease(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Immune System , Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
9.
Rev. cuba. hematol. inmunol. hemoter ; 32(2): 0-0, abr.-jun. 2016.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-64606

ABSTRACT

Los avances recientes en la comprensión de los mecanismos génicos y moleculares del cáncer de mama han revelado que el sistema inmune protagoniza los eventos responsables del desarrollo y la progresión del tumor. Las células de la respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa, así como diversos mediadores solubles liberados por ellas, pueden establecer una respuesta antitumoral protectora o, por el contrario, inducir eventos de inflamación crónica que favorezcan la promoción y progresión de esta enfermedad. Esta dualidad, se protagoniza en el microambiente del tumor, el cual puede regular la carcinogénesis en dependencia del infiltrado de células inmunes que predominen. Esta revisión, pretende resumir los conocimientos actuales de la relación sistema inmune-cáncer de mama, enfatizando en las células inmunes del microambiente del tumor y su importancia como biomarcadores de evolución clínica de la enfermedad(AU)


The recent advances in the understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer have demonstrated that immune system plays important events responsible for the development and progression of the tumor. The cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as diverse soluble mediators, may establish a protective anti-tumor response or, on the contrary, to induce events of chronic inflammation that favor promotion and progression of disease. This duality occurs in the tumor microenvironment, which can regulate the carcinogenesis depending on the predominant immune cells. This revision summarizes the current knowledge of the relationship between immune system - breast cancer, emphasizing in the immune cells of the tumor microenvironment and its importance as biological markers of the clinical evolution of the disease(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Immune System , Tumor Microenvironment/physiology
10.
Rev. cuba. obstet. ginecol ; 39(1): 23-32, ene.-mar. 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-666721

ABSTRACT

Los linfocitos T Reguladores (Treg) son una subpoblación de células linfoides cuya función es la regulación del sistema inmune. Estas células tienen funciones supresoras que intervienen en la evolución y control de los tumores malignos. En el cáncer de ovario se ha evidenciado un incremento de las Treg en microambiente del tumor y en circulación sistémica. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar los conocimientos relacionados con la participación del sistema inmune en el cáncer de ovario. Se empleó la revisión documental, a través de buscadores de información disponibles en Hinari. El incremento de los linfocitos Treg, en el microambiente del tumor y a nivel sistémico, constituye uno de los mecanismos que le permiten al tumor evadir la respuesta inmune. Este mecanismo no tiene la misma repercusión en todos los tumores, sin embargo, en el cáncer de ovario su existencia sí determina el avance de la enfermedad. Las Treg inhiben a las células efectoras por mecanismos dependientes del contacto célula-célula y por la liberación de citoquinas como la interleucina 10 y factor transformador del crecimiento beta. El resultado de este incremento es que contribuye a desencadenar los mecanismos de tolerancia a la acción del sistema inmune, asociándose por ende a parámetros de mal pronóstico. Existen evidencias científicas sobre la participación de los linfocitos Treg en el cáncer de ovario, que han permitido comprender la repercusión que ejercen en las manifestaciones clínicas y pronóstico de esta enfermedad, proponiendo nuevos y atractivos blancos terapéuticos que mejorarán el curso de esta


Regulatory T cells (Treg) lymphocytes are a subpopulation of lymphoid cells whose function is the regulation of the immune system. These cells have suppressor functions involved in the development and monitoring of malignancies. In ovarian cancer, an increase of Treg in tumor microenvironment and systemic circulation has been shown. The objective of this paper is to update the knowledge related to immune system involvement in ovarian cancer. Document review was used, through information search engines available on Hinari. The increase of Treg lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment and systemic level is one of the mechanisms allowing the tumor to evade the immune response. This mechanism does not have the same impact in all tumors, however, ovarian cancer itself determines the existence of the disease progress. The Treg cells inhibit effector cells by mechanisms dependent on cell-cell contact and the release of cytokines such as interleukin-10 and beta transforming growth factor. The result of this increase is helping to trigger the tolerance mechanisms to the immune system action, thereby associating with poor prognostic parameters. There is scientific evidence on the involvement of Treg lymphocytes in ovarian cancer, which have allowed the understanding the impact they have on this disease clinical features and prognosis, offering attractive new therapeutic targets that will improve this disease course

11.
Rev. cuba. obstet. ginecol ; 39(1): 23-32, ene.-mar. 2013.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-59868

ABSTRACT

Los linfocitos T Reguladores (Treg) son una subpoblación de células linfoides cuya función es la regulación del sistema inmune. Estas células tienen funciones supresoras que intervienen en la evolución y control de los tumores malignos. En el cáncer de ovario se ha evidenciado un incremento de las Treg en microambiente del tumor y en circulación sistémica. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar los conocimientos relacionados con la participación del sistema inmune en el cáncer de ovario. Se empleó la revisión documental, a través de buscadores de información disponibles en Hinari. El incremento de los linfocitos Treg, en el microambiente del tumor y a nivel sistémico, constituye uno de los mecanismos que le permiten al tumor evadir la respuesta inmune. Este mecanismo no tiene la misma repercusión en todos los tumores, sin embargo, en el cáncer de ovario su existencia sí determina el avance de la enfermedad. Las Treg inhiben a las células efectoras por mecanismos dependientes del contacto célula-célula y por la liberación de citoquinas como la interleucina 10 y factor transformador del crecimiento beta. El resultado de este incremento es que contribuye a desencadenar los mecanismos de tolerancia a la acción del sistema inmune, asociándose por ende a parámetros de mal pronóstico. Existen evidencias científicas sobre la participación de los linfocitos Treg en el cáncer de ovario, que han permitido comprender la repercusión que ejercen en las manifestaciones clínicas y pronóstico de esta enfermedad, proponiendo nuevos y atractivos blancos terapéuticos que mejorarán el curso de esta(AU)


Regulatory T cells (Treg) lymphocytes are a subpopulation of lymphoid cells whose function is the regulation of the immune system. These cells have suppressor functions involved in the development and monitoring of malignancies. In ovarian cancer, an increase of Treg in tumor microenvironment and systemic circulation has been shown. The objective of this paper is to update the knowledge related to immune system involvement in ovarian cancer. Document review was used, through information search engines available on Hinari. The increase of Treg lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment and systemic level is one of the mechanisms allowing the tumor to evade the immune response. This mechanism does not have the same impact in all tumors, however, ovarian cancer itself determines the existence of the disease progress. The Treg cells inhibit effector cells by mechanisms dependent on cell-cell contact and the release of cytokines such as interleukin-10 and beta transforming growth factor. The result of this increase is helping to trigger the tolerance mechanisms to the immune system action, thereby associating with poor prognostic parameters. There is scientific evidence on the involvement of Treg lymphocytes in ovarian cancer, which have allowed the understanding the impact they have on this disease clinical features and prognosis, offering attractive new therapeutic targets that will improve this disease course(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Antibody Formation/immunology
12.
Lima; s.n; 2013. 77 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Spanish | LIPECS | ID: biblio-1113224

ABSTRACT

El Proceso de Atención de Enfermería es definido como el sistema de la práctica de la enfermería, en el sentido de que proporciona el mecanismo por el cual el profesional utiliza sus opiniones, conocimientos y habilidades para diagnosticar y tratar la respuesta del cliente a los problemas reales o potenciales de la salud. Actualmente la aplicación de este proceso está limitada por factores los cuales se pueden agrupar en factores internos como externos. Precisamente son estos factores, principalmente los externos, los que pueden ser percibidos por el interno de enfermería, ya que son ellos los que permanecen con las enfermeras día a día en los servicios hospitalarios y además porque es durante la formación profesional donde se adquieren los conocimientos teóricos-prácticos del proceso de atención de enfermería para garantizar su futura aplicación. Por ello la presente investigación titulada: "Factores que limitan a las enfermeras la aplicación del proceso de atención de enfermería según percepción de los internos de la Escuela Académico Profesional de Enfermería de la UNMSM 2012" tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que limitan a las enfermeras la aplicación del proceso de atención de enfermería según percepción de los internos de la Escuela Académico Profesional de Enfermería de la UNMSM. Material y método: El estudio es de tipo cuantitativo, de nivel aplicativo, método descriptivo simple y corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 60 Internos de Enfermería de la EAPE de la UNMSM. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta y el instrumento la Escala tipo Likert modificada. Conclusiones: Los factores que limitan la aplicación del proceso de atención de enfermería a las enfermeras son percibidos por la mayoría (52.5 por ciento) como presentes. Los factores externos que limitan la aplicación del proceso de atención de enfermería a las enfermeras y que son percibidos por la mayoría como presentes son la falta de reconocimiento institucional de la...


The Process of Nursing Care is defined as the system of nursing practice, in the sense that it provides the mechanism by which the practitioner uses their views, knowledge and skills to diagnose and treat customer response to real problems or potential health. Currently the application of this process is limited by factors which can be grouped into internal and external factors. It is precisely these factors, mainly external, which can be perceived by the internal nursing because they are the ones that stay with nurses every day in hospital and because it is during training where we acquire knowledge theoretical - practical process of nursing care to ensure its future application. Therefore, the present research on "Factors limiting the nurses implementing the process of nursing care as perceived inmates Academic Professional School of Nursing San Marcos 2012" aims to determine the factors that limit nurses applying the process of nursing care as perceived inmates Academic Professional School of Nursing San Marcos. Methods: The study is quantitative, level application, descriptive method simple and cross section. The population consisted of 60 Internal Nursing EAPE of San Marcos. The technique used was the survey and the instrument Scale Likert modified. Conclusions: The factors that limit the application of the process of nursing care nurses are perceived by the majority (52.5 per cent) as a present. External factors that limit the application of the process of nursing care to nurses and they are perceived by the majority as these are the institutional recognition of professional methodology, staffing nurse, number of patients assigned to care, and organization of nursing roles.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Adult , Nursing Care , Internship, Nonmedical , Professional Practice , Nursing Staff, Hospital , Cross-Sectional Studies , Evaluation Studies as Topic
13.
Rev. cuba. obstet. ginecol ; 37(4): 524-532, oct.-dic. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-615236

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: estudiar parámetros inmunológicos en pacientes con lesiones intraepiteliales (NIC) y carcinoma in situ del cuello uterino en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología durante el año 2009. Métodos: se realizó un estudio en 20 pacientes donde se determinaron las características inmunofenotípicas de los linfocitos de sangre periférica mediante citometría de flujo y la capacidad funcional frente a diversos mitógenos utilizando el método de síntesis de DNA. El análisis de correlación entre variables inmunológicas y epidemiológicas se realizó mediante el cálculo del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Para las pruebas estadísticas se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS (versión 11.5). Resultados: la subpoblación de los linfocitos Tc CD8+, mostró valores superiores estadísticamente significativos (p=0,004) solo para las pacientes con NIC I. En todas las pacientes, independientemente del estadio de la enfermedad y del mitógeno utilizado, los índices de estimulación (IE) resultaron inferiores a los valores del grupo control. Conclusión: las alteraciones en el sistema inmune en las pacientes con patología de cuello están asociadas al progreso de la enfermedad y las células T son fundamentales en el control de la progresión de las lesiones


Objective: To study the immunologic parameters in patients presenting with intraepithelial lesions (IEL) and carcinoma in situ of cervix in the National Institute of Oncology and Radiotherapy over 2009. Methods: A study was conducted in 20 patients to determine the immuno-phenotypical of lymphocytes in peripheral blood by flow-cytometry and the functional ability in face of diverse mitogen using the AND synthesis method. The correlation analysis among the immunologic and epidemiologic variables was carried out by an estimation of Pearson's correlation coefficient. For the statistic test the SPSS statistical package was used (version 11.5). Results: The subgroup of Tc + CD8 lymphocytes showed higher values statistically significant ( p= 0.004) only for patients presenting with IEL. In all patients, independently of disease stage and of the mitogen used, the stimulation rates (SR) were lower than the values of controls. Conclusions: The alterations in the immune system in patients with cervix pathology are associated with the progress of lesions


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Carcinoma in Situ/immunology , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/immunology
14.
Rev. cuba. obstet. ginecol ; 37(4): 524-532, oct.-dic. 2011.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-52255

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: estudiar parámetros inmunológicos en pacientes con lesiones intraepiteliales (NIC) y carcinoma in situ del cuello uterino en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología durante el año 2009. Métodos: se realizó un estudio en 20 pacientes donde se determinaron las características inmunofenotípicas de los linfocitos de sangre periférica mediante citometría de flujo y la capacidad funcional frente a diversos mitógenos utilizando el método de síntesis de DNA. El análisis de correlación entre variables inmunológicas y epidemiológicas se realizó mediante el cálculo del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Para las pruebas estadísticas se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS (versión 11.5). Resultados: la subpoblación de los linfocitos Tc CD8+, mostró valores superiores estadísticamente significativos (p=0,004) solo para las pacientes con NIC I. En todas las pacientes, independientemente del estadio de la enfermedad y del mitógeno utilizado, los índices de estimulación (IE) resultaron inferiores a los valores del grupo control. Conclusión: las alteraciones en el sistema inmune en las pacientes con patología de cuello están asociadas al progreso de la enfermedad y las células T son fundamentales en el control de la progresión de las lesiones(AU)


Objective: To study the immunologic parameters in patients presenting with intraepithelial lesions (IEL) and carcinoma in situ of cervix in the National Institute of Oncology and Radiotherapy over 2009. Methods: A study was conducted in 20 patients to determine the immuno-phenotypical of lymphocytes in peripheral blood by flow-cytometry and the functional ability in face of diverse mitogen using the AND synthesis method. The correlation analysis among the immunologic and epidemiologic variables was carried out by an estimation of Pearson's correlation coefficient. For the statistic test the SPSS statistical package was used (version 11.5). Results: The subgroup of Tc + CD8 lymphocytes showed higher values statistically significant ( p= 0.004) only for patients presenting with IEL. In all patients, independently of disease stage and of the mitogen used, the stimulation rates (SR) were lower than the values of controls. Conclusions: The alterations in the immune system in patients with cervix pathology are associated with the progress of lesions(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/immunology , Carcinoma in Situ/immunology
15.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol ; 135(2): 255-64, 2009 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18651178

ABSTRACT

Breast cancer patients may express abnormal cellular immune responses affecting their immunological competence. The analysis of immunological parameters may be useful as indicators of T cell function. To determine the expression of lymphocyte activation proteins and cytokines in tumor and non-metastatic axillary lymph nodes, 30 breast cancer patients were monitored. CD3 polypeptides, PTKs (protein tyrosine kinases) and phosphorylated tyrosines were studied by Western Blot and cytokines mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). This group of patient had shown high immunohistochemistry expression of IL-10 in tumors. Activation proteins were mainly expressed in involved lymph nodes comparing with their expression in tumors. The differences in expression of CD3 polypeptides and p56(lck) between both locations were significant. There was no statistical association between PTKs and IL-10 in the tumor but more than 50% of cases who express IL-10 lost p56(lck), p59(fyn). A direct association between IL-10 and CD3-polypeptides was observed, however 52.2% of patients who express IL-10 did not express 41 kDa CD3-zeta form. IL-10 mRNA was detected in more than 50% of tumors contrary to the prevalence of type 1 cytokines in regional nodes (40%). The lack of expression of lymphocyte activations proteins and the high expression of IL-10 suggest a downregulation on T cells function in the tumors. These results are useful in order to understand the local immune response that would be key in the control of the tumor progression.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Interleukin-10/genetics , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , CD3 Complex/genetics , CD3 Complex/immunology , Cytokines/genetics , Female , Humans , Interferons/genetics , Interleukins/genetics , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Lymph Nodes/immunology , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymphocyte Activation , Mastectomy , Neoplasm Staging , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , RNA Polymerase I , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Neoplasm/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
16.
Perit Dial Int ; 26(1): 78-84, 2006.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16538879

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The frequency of low-turnover bone disease (LTBD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased in past years. This change is important because LTBD is associated with bone pain, growth delay, and higher risk for bone fractures and extraosseous calcifications. LTBD is a histological diagnosis. However, serum markers such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium levels offer a noninvasive alternative for diagnosing these patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of LTBD in pediatric patients with renal failure undergoing some form of renal replacement therapy, using serum calcium and intact PTH levels as serum markers. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 41 children with CKD undergoing dialysis treatment (31 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and 10 on hemodialysis) were included. There were no inclusion restrictions with respect to gender, cause of CKD, or dialysis modality. The children were studied as outpatients. The demographic data, CKD course, time on dialysis, phosphate-binding agents, and calcitriol prescription were registered, as well as weight, height, Z-score for height, linear growth rate, and Z-score for body mass index. Serum calcium, phosphorus, aluminum, PTH, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, glucose, creatinine, urea, cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. RESULTS: There were 20 (48.8%) children with both PTH < 150 pg/mL and corrected total calcium >10 mg/dL who were classified as having LTBD[(+)]; the remaining 21 (51.2%) children were classified as having no LTBD[(-)]. The LTBD(+) patients were younger (11.2 +/- 2.7 vs 13.2 +/- 2.4 years, p < 0.01) but they had no differences regarding Z-scores for height. Linear growth in 6 months was less than expected in both groups (-0.15 +/- 0.23 cm/month), but the difference between expected and observed growth was higher in the LTBD(+) group (-0.24 +/- 0.14 vs -0.07 +/- 0.28 cm/mo, p < 0.03). LTBD(+) patients also had lower serum creatinine (8.69 +/- 2.75 vs 11.19 +/- 3.17 mg/dL, p < 0.01), higher serum aluminum levels [median (range) 38.4 (9 - 106) vs 28.1 (9 - 62) microLg/L, p < 0.05], and lower systolic blood pressure (112.0 +/- 10.3 vs 125.0 +/-1 2.9 mmHg, p < 0.015) and diastolic blood pressure (76.0 +/- 9.7 vs 84.5 +/- 8.2 mmHg, p < 0.017). A significant correlation was found between PTH and alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), but not between PTH and aluminum. CONCLUSION: The LTBD(+) biochemical profile was found in 48.8% of the children and was associated with impaired linear growth. Aluminum contamination, evidenced by higher serum aluminum levels, may have had a pathogenic role in these disorders. Higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels may be related to higher serum PTH levels.


Subject(s)
Calcium/blood , Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Parathyroid Hormone/blood , Renal Dialysis , Adolescent , Biomarkers/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder/epidemiology , Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disease Progression , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Male , Mexico/epidemiology
17.
Breast ; 15(4): 482-9, 2006 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16403632

ABSTRACT

Tumor markers are expressed due to molecular alterations of the tumor cells, and we can relate them to the immune system to find new associations to improve prognosis. IL-10 inhibits the generation of immune responses at the tumor site. To determine IL-10 expression in the tumor microenvironment and to associate it with certain tumor markers, 27 breast cancer patients were monitored by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that 23 breast cancer samples exhibited a strong expression of IL-10. IL-10 was associated with some poor prognosis tumor makers. A direct association between IL-10, Bcl-2, and Bax was detected. The relationship between IL-10 and Bax was statistically significant (P=0.001). An inverse association of IL-10 with p53 was observed. IL-10 reflects a suppressive tumor microenvironment, and its relationship with apoptosis markers can suggest an increase in the aggressiveness of the tumor even if it still is at an early stage.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/blood , Breast Neoplasms/blood , Interleukin-10/blood , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Apoptosis/immunology , Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/blood , Receptor, ErbB-2/blood , Receptors, Estrogen/blood , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/blood
18.
Rev. cuba. oncol ; 15(3): 186-192, sept.-dic. 1999. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-299721

ABSTRACT

Se estudió la respuesta citotóxica natural en un grupo de 10 pacientes con cáncer de mama (5 pacientes de estadios IIa, 2 de estadios IIb y 3 de estadio IIIa). Para esto, las células mononucleares periféricas fueron estimuladas con citocinas (IFN g e IL-2) a 37 ºC en atmósfera 5 porciento CO2 durante 72 horas, donde se evaluó la actividad citotóxica natural mediante marcaje isotópico con Cr 51. Se utilizó paralelamente un grupo de 12 controles en las que se obtuvo un incremento significativo de la actividad citotóxica de células activadas con citosinas. Los resultados en la mayoría de las pacientes de estadios IIa sugieren que el compromiso de la actividad citotóxica celular puede restablecerse con el IFN-g y la IL-2; sin embargo, en casi todas las pacientes de estadios avanzados se obtuvo una pobre respuesta citotóxica, la cual no se restablece al ser estimuladas con las citosinas empleadas; esto puede ser consecuencia de la existencia de factores supresores que comprometen la citotoxicidad y, por tanto, pueden afectar la respuesta inmune antitumoral, sobre todo en estadios avanzados


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms , Killer Cells, Natural , Cytokines , Cytotoxicity, Immunologic , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
19.
Rev. cuba. oncol ; 15(3): 186-92, sept.-dic. 1999. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-19159

ABSTRACT

Se estudió la respuesta citotóxica natural en un grupo de 10 pacientes con cáncer de mama (5 pacientes de estadios IIa, 2 de estadios IIb y 3 de estadio IIIa). Para esto, las células mononucleares periféricas fueron estimuladas con citocinas (IFN g e IL-2) a 37 ºC en atmósfera 5 porciento CO2 durante 72 horas, donde se evaluó la actividad citotóxica natural mediante marcaje isotópico con Cr 51. Se utilizó paralelamente un grupo de 12 controles en las que se obtuvo un incremento significativo de la actividad citotóxica de células activadas con citosinas. Los resultados en la mayoría de las pacientes de estadios IIa sugieren que el compromiso de la actividad citotóxica celular puede restablecerse con el IFN-g y la IL-2; sin embargo, en casi todas las pacientes de estadios avanzados se obtuvo una pobre respuesta citotóxica, la cual no se restablece al ser estimuladas con las citosinas empleadas; esto puede ser consecuencia de la existencia de factores supresores que comprometen la citotoxicidad y, por tanto, pueden afectar la respuesta inmune antitumoral, sobre todo en estadios avanzados(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms , Cytokines , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic , Cytotoxicity, Immunologic , Killer Cells, Natural
20.
Rev. cuba. oncol ; 14(1): 42-50, ene.-jun. 1998.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-12860

ABSTRACT

El surgimiento y desarrollo del cáncer son fenómenos complejos explicados de diferentes formas a lo largo de la evolución del conocimiento científico. Varias teorías han sido surgeridas al respecto, y los aspectos epidemiológicos, bioquímicos, genéticos y moleculares se combinan para dar respuesta al problema. Revisamos algunas de estas teorías y ofrecemos de forma resumida la idea compartida actualmente de la carcinogénesis como un proceso de "pasos múltiples", donde las alteraciones de índole molecular, y en especial las relacionadas con el ciclo celular, son cada vez más importantes(AU)


Subject(s)
Neoplasms/etiology , Risk Factors , Oncogenes
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