Development and Validation of the High Performance Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale.

In this study, we aimed to develop and psychometrically examine a self-efficacy scale for high-performance volleyball athletes. A literature review and interviews with 16 experts led to construction of item content. A preliminary version of the scale was then administered to 24 high-performing adult athletes, followed by administration of the scale to 300 Brazilian high-performing volleyball athletes (M age = 24.88, SD = 5.51 years; 55% male; 45% female). The definitive model contained 19 items, grouped into three factors (Self-Efficacy in the Game, Defensive Self-Efficacy in Volleyball, and Offensive Self-Efficacy in Volleyball). A Global Self-Efficacy score was evaluated through several statistical procedures that provided evidence of an adequate fit of the model to the data, and we showed internal reliability of the item content and invariance of the instrument for both sexes. These results support the instrument's test content, internal structure, and relation to other variables, indicating that the Volleyball Self-Efficacy Scale (VSES) can now be used to assess the self-efficacy of high performing Brazilian volleyball athletes.

How Much Do We Care about Teacher Burnout during the Pandemic: A Bibliometric Review.

In this study, a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the scientific production was performed in the Web of Science on burnout and/or stress in teachers in pandemic situations. The aim of the study was to analyse the scientific production on stress and burnout in teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 75 documents from 33 journals with 3947 cited references were considered, with 307 researchers from 35 countries publishing at least one article. The country with the most publications was the USA, followed by China and Spain. The USA was the country with the most collaborations. A total of 184 institutions published documents, and the universities with the most records were Christopher Newport and Columbia, although the American University of Sharjah and Cape Breton University had a higher overall citation coefficient. Of the 33 journals that have published on the subject, Frontiers in Psychology and the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health stood out in terms of the number of articles, and they were also listed in this order with regard to their impact factor.

Job-demand and family business resources in pandemic context: How they influence burnout and job satisfaction.

This research aims to explore how work demands and resource variables affect the burnout and satisfaction of employees of family businesses in the context of the pandemic (COVID-19) and the moderation effect of fear of COVID-19 on this relationship. A sample of 214 Chilean family business employees is used for hypotheses testing. Results indicate that the demands and resources partially explain the burnout and satisfaction of employees of family firms during the pandemic. Employees' fear of COVID-19 moderates the relationship between resources-demands and burnout-job satisfaction in family firms. This work contributes to understanding how these organizations can manage adverse scenarios to survive and continue operations.

The Influence of Emotion in the Management of Amateur Football Organizations.

This article is oriented to the analysis of organizational and emotional variables in amateur sporting organizations. The general objective is to analyze the influence of organizational variables such as service quality, transactional leadership, and transformational leadership and emotional variables such as affective commitment, emotional attachment investment, and emotional attachment dividend to predict the credibility that members of amateur sporting organizations perceive, as well as their degree of identification and loyalty. The opinions of 203 members of Chilean amateur football teams [169 men and 34 women, with ages between 18 and 68 years (mean = 32.75 years, DT = 9.92)] have been analyzed through a self-completed questionnaire. To reach the objectives, two types of differential but complementary analyses, in the form of hierarchical regression models (from hereon, HRMs) and qualitative comparative analysis (from hereon, QCA), were performed. The results obtained suggest that the organizational variables are better predictors than the emotional variables in all of the cases. In the same way, the inclusion of the emotional variables improves the predictive capacity of the proposed models to explain identification and loyalty, but not in the case of credibility. In general, the variables considered seem to explain 37% of the credibility, 56% of loyalty, and 65% of identification. On the other hand, considering the results of the QCA, no variable turned out to be necessary. However, different combinations of variables (conditions) were observed that were able to explain between 47 and 91% of the cases of the variables analyzed. In general, based on these results, it was observed that the emotional variables were important in interaction with other organizational ones since they are present in the three combinations that most explain identification and loyalty and are also present in the three combinations that most explain credibility. This study contributes to the literature by supporting the importance of managing emotions in order for sporting organizations to be more successful.

Emotional Intelligence, Empathy, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Adolescents: Regression vs. QCA Models.

Adolescence is a complex period, in which the individual is subject to profound emotional, physical, and psychological changes. Healthy development during adolescence is crucial for future positive development; self-esteem and life satisfaction are fundamental. The importance of sociodemographic variables (sex and age), empathy, and emotional intelligence (EI) on self-esteem and life satisfaction was studied, comparing complementary methodologies, regression models, and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) models. This is a cross-sectional design in a convenience sample of 991 adolescents (528 females, 53.3%; aged between 12 and 19 years; M = 14.01, SD = 1.40) from Spanish schools. Data were collected using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), and Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS)24. The results of the regression models suggest that cognitive empathy, emotional clarity, and emotional repair are the main predictor variables for self-esteem. Meanwhile, the results of the fsQCA suggest that being older and low levels of cognitive empathy, emotional clarity, and emotional repair predict higher levels of self-esteem. On the other hand, life satisfaction in regression models is significantly predicted by the emotional clarity and emotional repair dimensions of the TMMS24 and self-esteem. Meanwhile, in the prediction of life satisfaction, the results of the fsQCA suggest that the most important interactions were high emotional clarity, emotional repair, and low self-esteem. As research has already shown, promoting empathy and EI leads to higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction.

Empathy in nurses: Spanish adaptation of the Jefferson scale of empathy (JSE) on nurses.

Background: Empathy is a key skill for nurses for providing high-quality care. Aims: To adapt and explore the psychometric properties of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) for nursing students in a sample of Spanish nurses, to analyse the empathy levels and to provide some percentiles for interpreting empathy levels. Methods: Factor structure was evaluated with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA), and reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) in a convenience sample of 500 Spanish nurses. Results: The definitive model composed of 15 items grouped into three factors presented good psychometric properties. Levels of empathy in the sample can be considered high. Conclusion: The study provides a reliable and valid instrument to measure levels of empathy in nurses in the Spanish context. Impact Statement: The instrument is suitable for assessing educational needs, and evaluating the effectiveness of training programmes.

Empathy, emotional intelligence, and communication in Nursing: The moderating effect of the organizational factors.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the relation and the moderating effect of the organizational factors on the attitudes towards communication, empathy, and emotional intelligence in the nurses. METHOD: a cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 268 nurses from Valencia, Spain. The attitudes towards communication were evaluated by means of the specifically designed instrument, those towards empathy with the Jefferson's Scale of Empathy for Nursing Students, and those towards emotional intelligence by means of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, consisting of 24 items. The effect of the studied variables was assessed by means of ANOVA, multiple linear regression models were applied, and the moderating effect was analyzed using PROCESS. RESULTS: there are statistically significant differences based on the type on contract (permanent); and statistically significant differences were found in the cognitive dimension of the attitudes towards communication. Regarding the regression models, the perspective taking dimension of empathy was the main predictive variable tn the dimensions of the attitudes towards communication. Finally, a moderating effect of the type of contract was evidenced in the effect of emotional reparation over the cognitive dimension of the attitudes towards communication. CONCLUSION: the organizational factors exert an influence on the attitudes towards communication, empathy, and emotional intelligence.

Psychometric properties of the questionnaire on threat perception of chronic illnesses in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: the objective of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire in a sample of adolescents with chronic endocrine or pneumological conditions and to analyze the dimensionality and reduce the scale elaborating scales by sex and medical diagnosis. METHOD: we evaluated 510 patients aged 9-16 years using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. We carried out tests of reliability, construct and criterion validity and a comparison of means based on the diagnosis and socio-demographic variables. The reliability and validity analyses showed adequate psychometric properties for this scale, with better results obtained for a single dimension after eliminating 3 items. RESULTS: adolescents with type 1 diabetes and girls were found to have an increased threat perception of their illness. Anxiety/depression was positively associated with the perception of illness. CONCLUSION: this questionnaire is a useful and practical tool for evaluating adjustment to illness in pediatric patients.

Empathy, emotional intelligence, and communication in Nursing: The moderating effect of the organizational factors / Empatia, inteligência emocional e comunicação em enfermagem: efeito moderador de fatores organizacionais / Empatía, inteligencia emocional y comunicación en enfermería: efecto moderador de los factores organizacionales

Objective: to evaluate the relation and the moderating effect of the organizational factors on the attitudes towards communication, empathy, and emotional intelligence in the nurses. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 268 nurses from Valencia, Spain. The attitudes towards communication were evaluated by means of the specifically designed instrument, those towards empathy with the Jefferson's Scale of Empathy for Nursing Students, and those towards emotional intelligence by means of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, consisting of 24 items. The effect of the studied variables was assessed by means of ANOVA, multiple linear regression models were applied, and the moderating effect was analyzed using PROCESS. Results: there are statistically significant differences based on the type on contract (permanent); and statistically significant differences were found in the cognitive dimension of the attitudes towards communication. Regarding the regression models, the perspective taking dimension of empathy was the main predictive variable tn the dimensions of the attitudes towards communication. Finally, a moderating effect of the type of contract was evidenced in the effect of emotional reparation over the cognitive dimension of the attitudes towards communication. Conclusion: the organizational factors exert an influence on the attitudes towards communication, empathy, and emotional intelligence.

Objetivo: avaliar a relação e o efeito moderador dos fatores organizacionais nas atitudes dos enfermeiros em relação à comunicação, empatia e inteligência emocional. Método: estudo transversal em amostra de conveniência de 268 enfermeiros de Valência, Espanha. As atitudes em relação à comunicação foram avaliadas usando o instrumento desenvolvido para esse fim, a empatia com a Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Nursing Student e a inteligência emocional usando a Trait Meta-Mood Scale de 24 itens. O efeito das variáveis estudadas foi avaliado por meio de ANOVA, modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram realizados e o efeito moderador foi analisado por PROCESS. Resultados: existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas dependendo do tipo de contrato (permanente); e diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas na dimensão cognitiva das atitudes em relação à comunicação. Em relação aos modelos de regressão, a dimensão tomada de perspectiva da empatia foi a principal variável preditora nas dimensões das atitudes em relação à comunicação. Finalmente, um efeito moderador do tipo de contrato foi demonstrado no efeito do reparo emocional sobre a dimensão cognitiva das atitudes em relação à comunicação. Conclusão: fatores organizacionais influenciam atitudes em relação à comunicação, empatia e inteligência emocional.

Objetivo: evaluar la relación y el efecto moderador de los factores organizacionales sobre las actitudes hacia la comunicación, empatía e inteligencia emocional de los enfermeros. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra por conveniencia de 268 enfermeros de Valencia, España. Las actitudes hacia la comunicación se evaluaron mediante el instrumento diseñado para tal fin: la empatía con la Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Nursing Student y la inteligencia emocional mediante la Trait Meta-Mood Scale de 24 ítems. El efecto de las variables estudiadas se evaluó mediante ANOVA, se realizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple y el efecto moderador se analizó mediante PROCESS. Resultados: existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del tipo de contrato (permanente); se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la dimensión cognitiva de las actitudes hacia la comunicación. Con respecto a los modelos de regresión, la dimensión toma de perspectiva de la empatía fue la principal variable predictora en las dimensiones de las actitudes hacia la comunicación. Finalmente, se evidenció un efecto moderador del tipo de contrato en el efecto de la reparación emocional sobre la dimensión cognitiva de las actitudes hacia la comunicación. Conclusión: los factores organizacionales influyen en las actitudes hacia la comunicación, empatía e inteligencia emocional.

Psychometric properties of the questionnaire on threat perception of chronic illnesses in pediatric patients / Propriedades psicométricas do questionário de percepção da ameaça da doença crônica em pediatria / Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de percepción de amenaza de la enfermedad crónica en pediatría

Objective: the objective of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire in a sample of adolescents with chronic endocrine or pneumological conditions and to analyze the dimensionality and reduce the scale elaborating scales by sex and medical diagnosis. Method: we evaluated 510 patients aged 9-16 years using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. We carried out tests of reliability, construct and criterion validity and a comparison of means based on the diagnosis and socio-demographic variables. The reliability and validity analyses showed adequate psychometric properties for this scale, with better results obtained for a single dimension after eliminating 3 items. Results: adolescents with type 1 diabetes and girls were found to have an increased threat perception of their illness. Anxiety/depression was positively associated with the perception of illness. Conclusion: this questionnaire is a useful and practical tool for evaluating adjustment to illness in pediatric patients.

Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Percepção de Doenças Versão Breve em uma amostra de adolescentes com condições endócrinas ou pneumológicas crônicas. Analisar a dimensionalidade e reduzir a escala elaborando baremas por sexo e diagnóstico médico. Método: avaliamos 510 pacientes com idades entre 9 e 16 anos usando o Questionário de Percepção de Doenças Versão Breve e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão. Foram realizados testes de confiabilidade, validade do construto, validade de critério e comparação de médias segundo o diagnóstico e as variáveis sociodemográficas. As análises de confiabilidade e validade mostraram propriedades psicométricas adequadas para essa escala, obtendo melhores resultados para uma única dimensão após a exclusão de 3 itens. Resultados: observou-se que adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1 e meninas demonstraram maior percepção da ameaça da doença. A ansiedade/depressão associou-se positivamente à percepção da doença. Conclusão: este questionário é uma ferramenta útil e prática para avaliar o ajuste à doença em pacientes pediátricos.

Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio ha sido valorar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario Breve de Percepción de la Enfermedad en una muestra de adolescentes con condiciones crónicas endocrinas o neumológicas. Analizar la dimensionalidad y reducir la escala elaborando baremos por sexo y diagnóstico médico. Método: evaluamos 510 pacientes de entre 9-16 años mediante el Cuestionario Breve de Percepción de la Enfermedad y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión. Realizamos pruebas de fiabilidad, validez de constructo y criterial y comparación de medias en función del diagnóstico y variables sociodemográficas. Los análisis de fiabilidad y validez mostraron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para esta escala, obteniendo mejores resultados para una única dimensión después de eliminar 3 ítems. Resultados: se observó que los adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 y las niñas mostraban mayor percepción de amenaza de la enfermedad. La ansiedad/depresión se asociaron positivamente con la percepción de enfermedad. Conclusión: este cuestionario resulta una herramienta útil y práctica, con la que evaluar el ajuste a la enfermedad en pacientes pediátricos.

The influence of nurse education and training on communication, emotional intelligence, and empathy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of nurse education and training on attitudes towards communication, emotional intelligence, and empathy. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted using three separate instruments to measure attitudes towards communication, empathy, and emotional intelligence, and two questions to determine the academic qualifications of the study participants. The effect of the variables was tested using one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 438 nurses from hospitals in Valencia, Spain. Differences in subscale scores of the instruments according to degree level and specialized training were observed, showing that nurses with only a degree and less specialized training had lower capacity for empathy and emotional intelligence. The strongest correlations were found between the factors of the communication dimensions. Multiple linear regression showed that perspective taking and emotional clarity had the greatest predictive power. CONCLUSION: Degree level and specialized training were shown to influence the study variables and it is therefore necessary to prioritize education and training programs that promote the development of these skills to ensure improved service quality.

Sociodemographic variables, risk factors, and protective factors contributing to youth recidivism / Variables sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo y factores de protección determinantes en la reincidencia juvenil

Background: This study explores the predictive capabilities of sociodemographic characteristics and risk and protective factors for youth recidivism while comparing two analytical methodologies; logistic prediction models and qualitative comparative analysis models. Methods: information from the judicial files of 389 young offenders (14-19.03 years) were gathered from the Juvenile Court and risk and protective factors were extracted from the administration of the Youth Level Service/Case Management Inventory. Recidivism data was also obtained for a follow-up period of two years for each young person. Results: the results showed two different profiles of reoffenders. Most were young boys with high risk scores and low protective factors, but a minority were young foreign girls with crimes against persons and low protective factors. Conclusions: being able to detect the different variables that contribute to recidivism can help implement prevention programs tailored to the criminogenic needs of each specific profile

Introducción: este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar las capacidades predictivas de las variables sociodemográficas, los factores de riesgo y los de protección en la reincidencia de menores infractores, comparando dos metodologías analíticas: modelos de regresión logística y modelos de análisis cualitativos comparativos. Método: los participantes fueron 389 menores infractores (14-19,3 años) del Juzgado de Menores, a los cuales se les administró el Youth Level Service/Case Management Inventory. Se obtuvieron datos sobre la reincidencia en un período de seguimiento de dos años para cada participante. Resultados: se encontraron dos perfiles diferentes de reincidentes, la mayoría eran varones jóvenes con puntuaciones altas en factores de riesgo y bajas en factores de protección. Por el contrario, se halló una minoría de jóvenes extranjeras con delitos contra las personas y escasos factores de protección. Conclusiones: detectar las diferentes variables que contribuyen a la reincidencia puede ayudar a implementar programas de prevención adaptados a las necesidades criminógenas de cada perfil específico

Bibliometric analysis of six nursing journals from the Web of Science, 2012-2017.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the six most important nursing journals according to the impact factor of the Science Citation Index through Web of Science® . The following journals were included: International Journal of Nursing Studies, Nurse Education Today, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Nursing Outlook, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing and the Journal of Advanced Nursing. BACKGROUND: In the nursing field, bibliometric analysis and maps have been used to analyse the production of some journals but not for the comparison of different journals. DESIGN/METHOD: Using descriptive bibliometrics, we studied scientific production of different journals and bibliometric maps were used to visualize the content of published articles. RESULTS: The six journals included showed that 3,937 articles were written by 1,1371 authors from 2,980 institutions and 84 countries from 2012 - 2017. Journal of Advanced Nursing had a greater number of publications and citations. The most prolific authors showed a tendency to publish first in Journal of Advanced Nursing and then in International Journal of Nursing Studies and Nurse Education Today. The frequency of citation was higher in International Journal of Nursing Studies followed by Journal of Advanced Nursing. The most collaborative authors and those with the most co-citations published more than half of their publications in Journal of Advanced Nursing. The topics most commonly researched by these authors were job satisfaction, collaborative practices, and nurse leaders. CONCLUSION: This bibliometric analysis contributes to the understanding of the current state of nursing research and its evolution.

Evaluation of emotional skills in nursing using regression and QCA models: A transversal study.

BACKGROUND: Emotional skills are fundamental for quality service by nursing professionals, providing more personalized attention and a close relationship between the professional and patient. OBJECTIVES: To compare linear relationship models (linear regressions) and models based on comparative qualitative analysis (QCA) in the analysis of the possible influence of socio-demographic variables (age and sex), working conditions (type of contract and seniority) and academic training (type of degree and specific training) on emotional abilities (emotional intelligence and empathy) in nursing. DESIGN: It is a transversal design in a single temporary moment. PARTICIPANTS: The sample of this study consisted of 217 direct patient care nursing professionals from 7 public hospitals in Valencia, Spain. METHODS: The Jefferson Scale for Nursing Empathy was used to measure empathy and the Trait of Meta-Mood Scale 24 to measure emotional intelligence. Two different statistical methodologies were used: traditional regression models and qualitative comparative analysis models of fuzzy sets (fsQCA). RESULTS: The results of the regression model suggest that only sex (negatively in the case of perspective taking) and positively (in compassionate care and thinking like the patient) is a predictive variable in the case of empathy, but not in emotional intelligence. Thus, the results of the fsQCA models provide a greater amount of predictive value for both emotional intelligence and empathy, although when varying the variables that best explained the dimensions, the type of contract and age were the main conditions that were sufficient but not necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Given the differences in linear relationship models and fsQCA, far from prioritizing one technique over another, both are complementary and should be used simultaneously in other studies.

The influence of nurse education and training on communication, emotional intelligence, and empathy / Impacto da formação educacional dos enfermeiros sobre a comunicação, a inteligência emocional e a empatia / Impacto de la formación educativa de los enfermeros sobre la comunicación, la inteligencia emocional y la empatía

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the influence of nurse education and training on attitudes towards communication, emotional intelligence, and empathy. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using three separate instruments to measure attitudes towards communication, empathy, and emotional intelligence, and two questions to determine the academic qualifications of the study participants. The effect of the variables was tested using one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical multiple linear regression. Results: The study sample comprised 438 nurses from hospitals in Valencia, Spain. Differences in subscale scores of the instruments according to degree level and specialized training were observed, showing that nurses with only a degree and less specialized training had lower capacity for empathy and emotional intelligence. The strongest correlations were found between the factors of the communication dimensions. Multiple linear regression showed that perspective taking and emotional clarity had the greatest predictive power. Conclusion: Degree level and specialized training were shown to influence the study variables and it is therefore necessary to prioritize education and training programs that promote the development of these skills to ensure improved service quality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o impacto da formação acadêmica do enfermeiro nas suas atitudes voltadas para a comunicação, a inteligência emocional e a empatia. Método: Elaboração transversal, na qual foi utilizado um instrumento para medir as atitudes voltadas para a comunicação, outro para a empatia e um último para a inteligência emocional e duas perguntas para analisar a formação dos participantes. Para comprovar o efeito das variáveis estudadas, foram realizadas ANOVA de um fator, correlações de Pearson e modelos de regressão linear múltipla hierárquica. Resultados: A amostra de estudo foi de 438 enfermeiras de hospitais de Valência. Existem diferenças nas variáveis estudadas em função da titulação e formação específica recebida, observando menor capacidade empática e inteligência emocional nos graduados e nos de menor formação específica. As correlações mais fortes foram entre os fatores das dimensões de comunicação. A tomada de perspectiva e clareza emocional foram as principais variáveis preditoras nos modelos de regressão. Conclusão: A formação acadêmica influi nas variáveis estudadas, portanto, parece necessário elaborar programas educacionais que incidam no ensino dessas habilidades para garantir uma melhor qualidade do serviço.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de la formación académica del enfermero en sus actitudes hacia la comunicación, inteligencia emocional y empatía. Método: Diseño transversal, se utilizó un instrumento para medir actitudes hacia la comunicación, otro para empatía, y un último para inteligencia emocional y dos preguntas para analizar la formación de los participantes. Para comprobar el efecto de las variables estudiadas se realizaron ANOVA de un factor, correlaciones de Pearson y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple jerárquica. Resultados: La muestra de estudio fue de 438 enfermeras de hospitales de Valencia. Existen diferencias en las variables estudiadas en función de la titulación y formación específica recibida, observando menor capacidad empática e inteligencia emocional en los graduados y en los de menor formación específica. Las correlaciones más fuertes fueron entre los factores de las dimensiones de comunicación. La toma de perspectiva y claridad emocional fueron las principales variables predictoras en los modelos de regresión. Conclusión: La formación académica influye en las variables estudiadas, por todo ello parece necesario elaborar programas educativos que incidan en enseñar dichas habilidades, para asegurar una mejor calidad del servicio.

Impact of work aspects on communication, emotional intelligence and empathy in nursing / Efeito dos aspectos trabalhistas na comunicação, inteligência emocional e empatia em enfermagem / Efecto de los aspectos laborales sobre la comunicación, la inteligencia emocional y la empatía en enfermería

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the impact of the type of contract and seniority of nursing staff on their attitudes towards communication, emotional intelligence and empathy. Methods: the instruments measuring attitudes towards communication, empathy and emotional intelligence. The study sample was composed of 450 nurses from 7 hospitals. To explore the effect of the variables studied, one-factor ANOVA test, Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple linear regression models were performed according to the type of contract. Results: there are statistically significant differences between the variables studied according to the type of contract. More specifically, the nursing staff with permanent contract showed higher scores in the cognitive dimension of the scale attitudes towards communication. Likewise, the highest correlations were found among the dimensions of attitudes towards communication in all the groups. At the same time, seniority was positively related to emotional intelligence in the interim and negatively related to empathy in the permanent contract. Finally, regarding the regression models, it was observed that the perspective taken is the main predictor of each dimension of attitudes towards communication in all the groups, regardless of the type of contract. Conclusion: positive working conditions (job security, permanent contract and seniority) have been found to influence the communication skills in the patient-nurse relationship.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar o impacto do tipo de contrato e do tempo de serviço prestado da equipe de enfermagem nas suas atitudes em relação à comunicação, inteligência emocional e empatia. Métodos: os instrumentos que avaliam as atitudes em relação à comunicação, empatia e inteligência emocional. A amostra do estudo consistiu de 450 enfermeiras de 7 hospitais. Para avaliar o efeito das variáveis estudadas, foram realizados ANOVA unilateral, correlações de Pearson e modelos de regressão linear hierárquica múltipla, de acordo com o tipo de contrato. Resultados: há diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis estudadas de acordo com o tipo de contrato. Mais especificamente, a equipe de enfermagem com contrato permanente apresentou pontuações mais elevadas na dimensão cognitiva da escala atitudes em relação à comunicação. Do mesmo modo, as maiores correlações foram encontradas entre as dimensões da escala atitudes em relação à comunicação, em todos os grupos. Ao mesmo tempo, o tempo de serviço foi positivamente relacionado à inteligência emocional no contrato provisório, e negativamente com a empatia no contrato permanente. Por fim, observando os modelos de regressão, observou-se que a tomada de perspectiva é a principal preditora em cada dimensão da escala atitudes em relação à comunicação em todos os grupos, independentemente do tipo de contrato. Conclusão: comprovou-se que condições de trabalho positivas (segurança no trabalho, contrato permanente e tempo de serviço prestado) influenciam a capacidade de comunicação na relação paciente-enfermeira.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar el impacto del tipo de contrato y la antigüedad del personal de enfermería en sus actitudes hacia la comunicación, la inteligencia emocional y la empatía. Métodos: los instrumentos que miden las actitudes hacia la comunicación, la empatía y la inteligencia emocional. La muestra del estudio fue de 450 enfermeras de 7 hospitales. Para comprobar el efecto de las variables estudiadas, se realizaron ANOVA de un factor, correlaciones Pearson y modelos de regresión lineal jerárquica múltiple, según el tipo de contrato. Resultados: existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las variables estudiadas según el tipo de contrato. Más concretamente, el personal de enfermería con contrato indefinido mostró puntuaciones más altas en la dimensión cognitiva de la escala actitudes hacia la comunicación. Asimismo, las mayores correlaciones se encontraron entre las dimensiones de la escala actitudes hacia la comunicación en todos los grupos. Al mismo tiempo, la antigüedad se relacionaba positivamente con la inteligencia emocional en el ínterin y negativamente con la empatía en el contrato indefinido. Finalmente, mirando los modelos de regresión, se observó que la toma de perspectiva es el principal predictor de cada dimensión de la escala actitudes hacia la comunicación en todos los grupos, independientemente del tipo de contrato. Conclusión: se ha comprobado que las condiciones de trabajo positivas (seguridad laboral, contrato permanente y antigüedad) influyen en la capacidad de comunicación en la relación paciente-enfermera.

Questionnaire on adaptation to type 1 diabetes among children and its relationship to psychological disorders.

OBJECTIVE: to study the psychometric properties of an adaptive disease response questionnaire for use with Spanish children with type 1 diabetes; to analyse this response in this sample and to observe the relationship between adaptive response and levels of anxiety-depression. METHOD: a total of 100 patients with type 1 diabetes aged between nine and 16 years (M=12.28, SD=1.78) participated in the study, of which 59% were children. Data was collected in public hospitals via interviews using the Adaptive Disease Response Questionnaire and Anxiety and Depression Scale. The data was analysed using Pearson correlations, multiple hierarchical linear regressions, Student's t Test for independent samples, and Cohen's d effect size to determine reliability and validity. RESULT: the instrument was shown to have adequate psychometric properties. Adaptive response was generally high. Adaptive response is negatively related to emotional distress, being a better predictor of depression than of anxiety. There was no association betwee adaptation and sex and age. CONCLUSION: promoting a better adaptive response appears to reduce emotional distress, especially in the case of depression, regardless of the age or gender of the patients.

Development of Emotional Skills in Adolescents to Prevent Cyberbullying and Improve Subjective Well-Being.

Bullying behavior alters the way in which students coexist together in the classroom and negatively affects adolescents' well-being. Research highlights the importance of emotional skills in promoting positive youth development and optimal social functioning. Therefore, education in these skills is a potential target for interventions aimed at reducing cyberbullying and promoting satisfaction with life during adolescence. This study analyzes the impact of an emotion education program in adolescents to promote classroom coexistence and well-being. The sample comprised 148 students from 7th and 8th grade of secondary school aged between 12 and 15 years (M age = 12.63, SD age = 0.74; 57% girls). A quasi-experimental design with longitudinal data collection was used in this study with randomized classroom assignment to the experimental group and the control group. The intervention program was based on the emotional intelligence model of Mayer and Salovey (1997). Its objective was to develop adolescents' emotional skills to improve the quality of interpersonal relationships and reduce conflicts between peers, positively influencing coexistence and well-being. The intervention took place in eleven sessions during school hours over a period of 3 months. Participants completed the emotional competence questionnaire, the cyberbullying scale and the life satisfaction scale before (T1), immediately after (T2), and 6 months after the intervention (T3). The results showed that the intervention program reduced victimization and assault via mobile phones and the Internet in T2 and T3. In the follow-up (T3), the intervention group had enhanced emotional perception and regulation skills and reported an increase in life satisfaction in comparison to the control group. Our findings suggest that implementing classroom intervention programs to develop students' emotional competencies could be beneficial for their subjective well-being and peer coexistence.

The role of empathy and emotional intelligence in nurses' communication attitudes using regression models and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis models.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyse link between empathy and emotional intelligence as a predictor of nurses' attitudes towards communication while comparing the contribution of emotional aspects and attitudinal elements on potential behaviour. BACKGROUND: Nurses' attitudes towards communication, empathy and emotional intelligence are key skills for nurses involved in patient care. There are currently no studies analysing this link, and its investigation is needed because attitudes may influence communication behaviours. DESIGN: Correlational study. METHOD: To attain this goal, self-reported instruments (attitudes towards communication of nurses, trait emotional intelligence (Trait Emotional Meta-Mood Scale) and Jefferson Scale of Nursing Empathy (Jefferson Scale Nursing Empathy) were collected from 460 nurses between September 2015-February 2016. Two different analytical methodologies were used: traditional regression models and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis models. RESULTS: The results of the regression model suggest that cognitive dimensions of attitude are a significant and positive predictor of the behavioural dimension. The perspective-taking dimension of empathy and the emotional-clarity dimension of emotional intelligence were significant positive predictors of the dimensions of attitudes towards communication, except for the affective dimension (for which the association was negative). The results of the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis models confirm that the combination of high levels of cognitive dimension of attitudes, perspective-taking and emotional clarity explained high levels of the behavioural dimension of attitude. CONCLUSIONS: Empathy and emotional intelligence are predictors of nurses' attitudes towards communication, and the cognitive dimension of attitude is a good predictor of the behavioural dimension of attitudes towards communication of nurses in both regression models and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. In general, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis models appear to be better predictors than the regression models are. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: To evaluate current practices, establish intervention strategies and evaluate their effectiveness. The evaluation of these variables and their relationships are important in creating a satisfied and sustainable workforce and improving quality of care and patient health.

The development and psychometric validation of an instrument to evaluate nurses' attitudes towards communication with the patient (ACO).

BACKGROUND: Patient communication is a key skill for nurses involved in clinical care. Its measurement is a complex phenomenon that can be addressed through attitude evaluation. OBJECTIVES: To develop and psychometrically test a measure of nurses' attitudes towards communication with patients (ACO), to study the relationship between these dimensions, and to analyse nursing attitudes. DESIGN: To develop and psychometrically test the ACO questionnaire. SETTINGS: All hospitals in the province of Valencia were invited by e-mail to distribute the ACO instrument. Ten hospitals took part in the study. PARTICIPANTS: The study population was composed of a convenience sample of 400 hospital nurses on general or special services. The inclusion criteria were nurses at the selected centres who had previously provided an informed consent to participate. METHODS: A literature review and expert consultation (N = 10) was used to develop the content of the questionnaire. The 62-item version of the instrument was applied to a convenience sample of 400 nurses between May 2015 and March 2016. Factor structure was evaluated with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA), and reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE). RESULTS: The final instrument (ACO), composed of 25 items grouped into three attitude dimensions (cognitive, affective and behavioural), had good psychometric properties. In the study sample, nurses had a favourable attitude towards communication. The cognitive and affective dimensions of the ACO should be able to predict the behaviour dimension. CONCLUSION: The ACO is useful for evaluating current clinical practices, identifying educational needs and assessing the effectiveness of communication training or other interventions intended to improve communication.