ABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Our internal clock system is predominantly dopaminergic, but memory is predominantly cholinergic. Here, we examined the common sensibility encapsulated in the statement: "time goes faster as we get older". OBJECTIVE: To measure a 2 min time interval, counted mentally in subjects of different age groups. METHOD: 233 healthy subjects (129 women) were divided into three age groups: G1, 15-29 years; G2, 30-49 years; and G3, 50-89 years. Subjects were asked to close their eyes and mentally count the passing of 120 s. RESULTS: The elapsed times were: G1, mean = 114.9 ± 35 s; G2, mean = 96.0 ± 34.3 s; G3, mean = 86.6 ± 34.9 s. The ANOVA-Bonferroni multiple comparison test showed that G3 and G1 results were significantly different (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Mental calculations of 120 s were shortened by an average of 24.6% (28.3 s) in individuals over age 50 years compared to individuals under age 30 years.
Subject(s)
Aging/physiology , Time Perception/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Cholinergic Neurons/physiology , Dopamine/metabolism , Dopaminergic Neurons/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Synaptic Transmission/physiology , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Our internal clock system is predominantly dopaminergic, but memory is predominantly cholinergic. Here, we examined the common sensibility encapsulated in the statement: “time goes faster as we get older”. Objective To measure a 2 min time interval, counted mentally in subjects of different age groups. Method 233 healthy subjects (129 women) were divided into three age groups: G1, 15-29 years; G2, 30-49 years; and G3, 50-89 years. Subjects were asked to close their eyes and mentally count the passing of 120 s. Results The elapsed times were: G1, mean = 114.9 ± 35 s; G2, mean = 96.0 ± 34.3 s; G3, mean = 86.6 ± 34.9 s. The ANOVA-Bonferroni multiple comparison test showed that G3 and G1 results were significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusion Mental calculations of 120 s were shortened by an average of 24.6% (28.3 s) in individuals over age 50 years compared to individuals under age 30 years.
RESUMO Nosso sistema de relógio interno é predominantemente dopaminérgico, mas a memória é predominantemente colinérgica. Neste estudo, examinamos a assertiva comum que “o tempo passa mais rápido para pessoas mais velhas”. Objetivo Medir o intervalo de tempo 2 min contados mentalmente em pessoas de diferentes faixas etárias. Método 233 pessoas saudáveis (129 mulheres) foram divididos em três grupos: G1, 15-29 anos; G2, 30-49 anos; e G3, 50-89 anos. Foi solicitado que contassem mentalmente, com os olhos fechados, a passagem de 120 s. Resultados Os tempos aferidos foram: G1, média = 114,9 ± 35 s; G2, média = 96,0 ± 34,3 s; G3, média = 86,6 ± 34,9 s. A comparação entre os tempos de G3 e G1 (teste de comparação múltipla ANOVA-Bonferroni) foi muito significante (P < 0,001). Conclusão Cálculo mental de 120 s foi encurtado em média 24,6% (28,3 s) em pessoas maiores que 50 anos quando comparado com pessoas menores que 30 anos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Time Perception/physiology , Aging/physiology , Time Factors , Dopamine/metabolism , Analysis of Variance , Age Factors , Synaptic Transmission/physiology , Cholinergic Neurons/physiology , Dopaminergic Neurons/physiologyABSTRACT
The study investigated whether chronic ethanol (ETH) intake and subsequent ETH exposure of cell cultures affects osteoblast differentiation by evaluating key parameters of in vitro osteogenesis. Rats were treated with 5-20% (0.85-3.43 mm) ETH, increasing by 5% per week for a period of 4 weeks (habituation), after which the 20% level was maintained for 15 days (chronic intake). Bone-marrow stem cells from control (CONT) or ETH-treated rats were cultured in osteogenic medium which was either supplemented (ETH) or not supplemented (CONT) with 1.3 mm ethanol. Thus, four groups relating to rat treatment/culture supplementation were evaluated: (1) CONT/CONT, (2) ETH/CONT, (3) CONT/ETH and (4) ETH/ETH. Cell morphology, proliferation and viability, total protein content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone-like nodule formation were evaluated. Chronic ethanol intake significantly reduced both food and liquid consumption and body weight gain. No difference was seen in cell morphology among treatments. Cell number was affected at 7 and 10 days as follows: CONT/CONT = CONT/ETH < ETH/CONT = ETH/ETH. Doubling time between 3 and 10 days was greater in groups of CONT animals: ETH/ETH = ETH/CONT < CONT/ETH = CONT/CONT. Cell viability and ALP activity were not affected by either animal treatment or culture exposure to ethanol. At day 21, the total protein content was affected as follows: ETH/ETH = CONT/ETH < ETH/CONT = CONT/CONT. Bone-like nodule formation was affected as follows: ETH/ETH < CONT/ETH < ETH/CONT < CONT/CONT. These results show that chronic ethanol intake, followed by the exposure of osteoblasts to ethanol, inhibited the differentiation of osteoblasts, as indicated by an increased proliferation rate and reduced bone-like nodule formation.
