ABSTRACT
Two highly sensitive methods for the determination of genotoxic alkyl methane sulfonates (AMSs) and alkyl paratoluene sulfonates (APTSs) in lamivudine using hyphenated techniques have been presented. AMSs were determined by GC-MS method using GSBP-INOWAX (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm) column. Temperature program was set by maintaining at 100 °C initially for 3 min, then rised to 220 °C at the rate of 15 °C/min and maintained at 220 °C for 16 min. N,N-dimethyl formamide was used as diluent. APTSs were determined by LC-MS using Zorbax, Rx C8, 250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm column as stationary phase. 0.01 M ammonium acetate is used as buffer. The mixture of buffer and methanol in 75:25 (v/v) ratio was used as mobile phase A and mixture of buffer and methanol in 5:95 (v/v) ratio was used as mobile phase B. The gradient program (T/%B) was set as 0/28, 16/50, 17/100, 23/100, 27/28 and 40/28. Both the methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Limit of quantitation was found 1.5 µg/mL for AMSs and was in the range of 1.0-1.5 µg/mL for APTSs.
ABSTRACT
Regulations alarmed the control of genotoxic impurities in drug substances at lower level based on the threshold of toxicological concern and daily dose. This review explores the details of various regulations and guidances, toxicology assessment, identification of structural alerts, synthetic origins, different synthetic approaches for elimination or control, various analytical determination strategies and pharmaceutical industry concern towards genotoxic impurities.
Subject(s)
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Drug Contamination , Drug Industry/methods , Mutagens/analysis , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Chemistry Techniques, Analytical , Europe , Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry , Quality Control , United States , United States Food and Drug AdministrationABSTRACT
A stability-indicating gradient reverse phase liquid chromatographic purity and assay method for duloxetine hydrochloride (DUH) was developed and validated. DUH was subjected to the stress conditions and it is sensitive towards oxidative, acid and hydrolytic degradation. Successful separation of DUH from its two process impurities and one degradation impurity formed under stress conditions was achieved on a Symmetry C18, 250x4.6mm, 5microm column using a gradient mixture of solvent A (0.01M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate having 0.2% triethyl amine, pH adjusted to 2.5 with orthophosphoric acid) and solvent B (20:80 v/v mixture of acetonitrile and methanol). The flow rate is 1ml/min and the detection wavelength is 230nm. The mass balance was found to be in the range of 99.2-99.7% in all the stressed conditions.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Reverse-Phase , Drug Contamination , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods , Thiophenes/analysis , Drug Stability , Duloxetine Hydrochloride , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Hydrolysis , Oxidation-Reduction , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
A novel stability-indicating gradient reverse phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method was developed for the determination of purity of famciclovir (FCV) in presence of its impurities and degradation products. The method was developed using Inertsil ODS 3 V (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) column with mobile phase containing a gradient mixture of solvent A and B. 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer, pH adjusted to 6.0 with 1% potassium hydroxide was used as buffer. Buffer and methanol in 80:20 (v/v) ratio was used as solvent A and buffer and methanol in 20:80 (v/v) ratio was used as solvent B. The gradient program (T/%B) was set as 0/5, 15/30, 25/50, 45/60, 55/5 and 60/5. The eluted compounds were monitored at 215 nm. FCV was subjected to the stress conditions of oxidative, acid, base, hydrolytic, thermal and photolytic degradation. FCV was found to degrade significantly in oxidative, acid and base degradation conditions and mildly in hydrolytic degradation conditions and stable in thermal and photolytic degradation conditions. The degradation products were well resolved from main peak and its impurities thus proved the stability-indicating power of the method. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines with respect to specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, precision, linearity, accuracy, robustness and system suitability. This method is also suitable for the assay of famciclovir which ranged from 99.9% to 100.2%.
Subject(s)
2-Aminopurine/analogs & derivatives , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Chromatography, Liquid/standards , Drug Stability , 2-Aminopurine/analysis , 2-Aminopurine/chemistry , Buffers , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/instrumentation , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Famciclovir , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Hydrolysis , Hydroxides/chemistry , Methanol/chemistry , Models, Chemical , Oxygen/chemistry , Potassium Compounds/chemistry , Powders , Reproducibility of Results , Solvents/chemistryABSTRACT
The present paper describes a simple isocratic reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of four genotoxic alkyl benzenesulfonates (ABSs) viz. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl benzenesulfonates (MBS, EBS, NPBS and IPBS) in amlodipine besylate (ADB). Good resolution between benzene sulfonic acid (BSA), MBS, EBS, NPBS, IPBS and ADB was achieved with Inertsil ODS 3V (150 mmx4.6 mm, 5 microm) column using a 65:35 (v/v) mixture of 1% triethyl amine, pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the elution was monitored at 220 nm. The factors involved in the method development are discussed. This method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and is able to quantitate MBS, EBS, NPBS and IPBS at 21, 32, 35 and 28 ppm levels, respectively with respect to 5 mg/ml of ADB. The method is linear in range of 75-180 ppm of ABSs, which matches the range of 50-120% of estimated permitted level (150 ppm) of ABSs. ABSs were not present in the three studied pure and tablet batches of ADB.
Subject(s)
Amlodipine/analysis , Antihypertensive Agents/analysis , Benzenesulfonates/analysis , Benzenesulfonates/toxicity , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Mutagens/analysis , Benzenesulfonates/chemistry , Guidelines as Topic , Molecular Structure , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method has been developed for the identification and determination of two carcinogenic and genotoxic mesylate esters viz. methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in imatinib mesylate (INM). The method was optimized based on the peak shapes and resolution of MMS and EMS. The method was validated as per International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines in terms of limits of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.3 and 1.0 microg/ml, respectively. The method is linear within the range of 1-15 microg/ml for both the compounds. These mesylate esters were not found in three different batches of pure and pharmaceutical formulations of INM.
