The Dubai Definition and Diagnostic Criteria of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: The IFOS Consensus.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to gather an international consensus group to propose a global definition and diagnostic approach of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) to guide primary care and specialist physicians in the management of LPR. METHODS: Forty-eight international experts (otolaryngologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and physiologists) were included in a modified Delphi process to revise 48 statements about definition, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approaches to LPR. Three voting rounds determined a consensus statement to be acceptable when 80% of experts agreed with a rating of at least 8/10. Votes were anonymous and the analyses of voting rounds were performed by an independent statistician. RESULTS: After the third round, 79.2% of statements (N = 38/48) were approved. LPR was defined as a disease of the upper aerodigestive tract resulting from the direct and/or indirect effects of gastroduodenal content reflux, inducing morphological and/or neurological changes in the upper aerodigestive tract. LPR is associated with recognized non-specific laryngeal and extra-laryngeal symptoms and signs that can be evaluated with validated patient-reported outcome questionnaires and clinical instruments. The hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH testing can suggest the diagnosis of LPR when there is >1 acid, weakly acid or nonacid hypopharyngeal reflux event in 24 h. CONCLUSION: A global consensus definition for LPR is presented to improve detection and diagnosis of the disease for otolaryngologists, pulmonologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and primary care practitioners. The approved statements are offered to improve collaborative research by adopting common and validated diagnostic approaches to LPR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 Laryngoscope, 134:1614-1624, 2024.

Laryngeal Leukoplakia: State of the Art Review.

OBJECTIVE: This state-of-the-art article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of vocal fold leukoplakia, with focus on recent advances. It focuses on the clinical challenges that otolaryngologists face balancing both oncological efficacy and functional outcomes in leukoplakia and presents the current philosophies and techniques to consider when managing such patients. DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE. REVIEW METHODS: We conducted a detailed review of publications related to vocal cord and laryngeal leukoplakia, dysplasia, hyperkeratosis, leukoplakia endoscopy, and leukoplakia management focusing specifically on oncologic outcomes, voice preservation, current and emerging diagnosis, and management techniques. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a paradigm shift away from performing "vocal cord stripping" procedures that can cause irreversible hoarseness toward voice preservation surgery while achieving comparable oncologic control. Surgical technical and instrumental developments have been designed to maximally treat superficial disease while preserving underling vibratory mucosa. Recent improvements in histopathological grading systems and advances in biomarker classification may allow for improved oncologic risk stratification. Furthermore, improvements in endoscopic imaging capabilities and contact endoscopy are currently being studied for their potential diagnostic significance. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: To optimally manage vocal fold leukoplakia, the otolaryngologist should become familiar with the oncologic implications of the disease and the importance of obtaining pathologic diagnosis to rule out malignancy. In addition, the surgeon should maintain surgical techniques and knowledge of available instruments and lasers that can assist in surgical management while prioritizing the preservation of vibratory tissue and voice quality. Finally, the surgeon and the patient should understand the clinical importance of routine endoscopic surveillance.

Medialization Thyroplasty and Arytenoid Adduction for Management of Neurological Vocal Fold Immobility.

Vocal fold immobility can be either unilateral or bilateral and partial or complete. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the management of unilateral paresis using medialization thyroplasty with or without arytenoid adduction as a means of treating neurogenic causes as opposed to mechanical fixation. Medialization thyroplasty is an open surgical procedure that is performed under local or general anesthesia. Essentially, it aims to close the glottic gap, approximating both vocal folds together and thereby allowing for restoration of the efficiency of the larynx. The glottic gap results from atrophy of the affected vocal fold and in so doing results in glottic insufficiency which causes voice breathiness, strain, fatigue, aspiration, and swallowing difficulties that make up the bulk of symptoms associated with this condition. Unlike injection laryngoplasty, medialization thyroplasty does not increase the "bulk" of the atrophic vocal fold but merely brings the fold closer to its unaffected partner. Besides the obvious lateralization, there is occasionally a third dimensional component to the affected fold. The slipping and prolapse forward of the arytenoid cartilage due to atrophy of the muscles supporting it and the natural declination of the facet joint it rests on cause a vertical drop of the level of the affected vocal fold that may not be remedied with the medialization procedure, hence requiring arytenoid adduction. Although attempts to medialize the vocal fold have been described in the past with limited access, the basic premise of creating a window in the thyroid cartilage remains central. The differences between materials used, their respective strengths and weaknesses, the pitfalls and pearls in achieving a good closure and improvement in voice, swallow, and safety of the airway are all discussed accordingly.

Future Advances in Neurolaryngology.

Neurolaryngology as a subspecialty of laryngology has developed considerably in the last four decades with more laryngologists, neurologists, speech and swallow therapists, and neurophysiologists taking interest in the field. The North American and Japanese laryngology societies have increasingly focused on conditions which are mainly concerned with aberrations of the nervous system affecting the larynx directly or indirectly. In the last few years, societies in Europe and the Asia-Pacific have also recognized the need to collaborate both within their organizations and with other societies globally. Cross-border pollination of ideas has increasingly become easier and with the aid of technology - almost seamless with real-time capacity to share operating experience, lectures, and panel discussions. The future advances in neurolaryngology will require incremental improvements in processes of diagnostics, objectivization (where possible) of pathology, standardization of treatments with comparison of results using accepted patient-based tests, investigations and imaging where possible. Ultimately, from the contributions in the previous chapters, it is fairly obvious that many conditions are still poorly understood and therefore management becomes more symptom based rather than dealing with the root cause of the problem. An understanding of the physiology of vocalization, swallow, and breathing beyond a rudimentary acceptance of many towards the vagus nerve and other neural factors may help understand what has otherwise been a rather simplistic approach to one of the most complex parts of the human body, essential to life and equally important - the quality of life. In this chapter, we aim to look at where advances in neurolaryngology may and perhaps will take place. We will look at the potential of better imaging modalities, neurophysiological testing and physiology of the brain. Tests and treatments currently in use may require some refinements or be possibly abandoned and replaced with more effective ones that can demonstrate a difference in the management of various patient groups. The future is hard to predict, and the rate of advancement equally so, but given the rate at which information technology, artificial intelligence, and basic science research are progressing, neurolaryngology may indeed have its welcome boost in the not too distant future.

Preliminary experience in transoral laryngeal surgery with a flexible robotic system for benign lesions of the vocal folds.

PURPOSE: This purpose of this case series is to present the first four cases utilizing micro-phonosurgical instrumentation designed specifically for use with a semi-flexible 'robotic' system-the Medrobotics Flex system and to evaluate the accessibility and feasibility of this platform in the context of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for laryngeal surgery. METHODS: Four patients (3 female, 1 male; age range 49-79 years) were operated by the senior author at CHL-a tertiary hospital centre between 2016 and 2017. The 'robot' was deployed in all cases to assess its accessibility and ability to perform surgery in the larynx. RESULTS: All four patients were successfully treated using the system along with newly developed instrumentation specifically focused on phonosurgery. CONCLUSION: This series has demonstrated accessibility and ability for laryngeal surgery using a novel semi-rigid operator-controlled 'robotic' system. We encountered no device failures and were able to perform all the selected cases uneventfully.

Correction to: Laser-assisted surgery of the upper aero-digestive tract: a clarification of nomenclature. A consensus statement of the European Laryngological Society.

The article 'Laser-assisted surgery of the upper aero-digestive tract: a clarification of nomenclature. A consensus statement of the European Laryngological Society,' written by Marc Remacle, Christoph Arens, Mostafa Badr Eldin, Guillermo Campos, Carlos Chiesa Estomba, Pavel Dulguerov, Ivana Fiz, Anastasios Hantzakos, Jerôme Keghian, Francesco Mora, Nayla Matar, Giorgio Peretti, Cesare Piazza, Gregory N. Postma, Vyas Prasad, Elisabeth Sjogren, Frederik G. Dikkers, was originally published Online First without open access. After publication in volume 274 issue 10, page 3723-3727 the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an open access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to

Laser-assisted surgery of the upper aero-digestive tract: a clarification of nomenclature. A consensus statement of the European Laryngological Society.

Acronyms and abbreviations are frequently used in otorhinolaryngology and other medical specialties. CO2 laser-assisted transoral surgery of the pharynx, the larynx and the upper airway is a family of commonly performed surgical procedures termed transoral laser microsurgery (TLM). The abbreviation TLM can be confusing because of alternative modes of delivery. Classification and definition of the different types of procedures, performed transorally or transnasally, are proposed by the Working Committee for Nomenclature of the European Laryngological Society, emphasizing the type of laser used and the way this laser is transmitted. What is usually called TLM, would more clearly be defined as CO2 laser transoral microsurgery or CO2 TOLMS or CO2 laser transoral surgery only (with a handpiece) would be defined as CO2 TOLS. KTP transnasal flexible laser surgery would be KTP TNFLS. Transoral use of the flexible CO2 wave-guide with a handpiece would be a CO2 TOFLS. One can argue that these clarifications are not necessary and that the abbreviation TLM for transoral laser microsurgery is more than sufficient. But this is not the case. Laser surgery, office-based laser surgery and microsurgery are frequently and erroneously interchanged for one another. These classifications allow for a clear understanding of what was performed and what the results meant.

Unilateral vocal fold immobility: a tertiary hospital's experience over 5 years.

The objective of the study was to determine the etiology and subsequent management of patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) and compare our results with other such studies. This was a retrospective case series of all patients that were treated for UVFI at one single tertiary referral centre between 2010 and 2014. The medical records of 161 patients over a 5-year period diagnosed with UVFI were analyzed. We looked at the patient demographics, side of immobility, etiology, management and voice assessment. A total of 21 patients were excluded due to varying reasons including second presentation and incomplete data. Our results demonstrated 37.1% of cases to be due to non-thyroid surgery (mainly vascular or anterior cervical spine surgery) compared to thyroid or parathyroid (18.6%). Carotid endarterectomy was the commonest cause followed by cervical spine discectomy or fusion. Other iatrogenic causes included thoracic surgery either involving the lung or not. Our results are very much in keeping with those seen by our colleagues in North America. A better appreciation of the causes of UVFI especially in cases not performed by otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons should be highlighted and the necessary steps should be taken to prevent this iatrogenic complication.

Using peak direct subglottic pressure level as an objective measure during medialization thyroplasty: a prospective study.

UNLABELLED: Type I medialization thyroplasty (MT) was introduced by Isshiki more than 40 years ago. It is one of the most widely used surgical options to correct glottic insufficiency. Intraoperatively, the surgeon relies solely on perceptual subjective measures to help to achieve an optimal glottic closure by bringing the affected vocal fold closer to the midline in order to close the glottic gap. One of the challenges of MT is the persistence of symptoms due to incorrect choice of implant size. As of now, no standard objective measure is being used to determine the optimal implant size needed to achieve the glottic closure required. Peak direct subglottic pressure (PDSGP) is one of the aerodynamic objective measurements of vocal efficiency that significantly increases in cases of glottic insufficiency. It is easily measured during MT by inserting a catheter through the cricothyroid membrane. A prospective study was carried out on patients undergoing MT using the Montgomery Implant(®). Choice of implant size was carried out based on the standard perceptual subjective assessment by the operating surgeon and was based on degree of glottic closure and voice quality. PDSGP was recorded for each implant size and then we tested the agreement between the chosen implant size and the lowest PDSGP. The agreement between the implant size of choice and the lowest PDSGP recorded was 62.5 % [CI 44-79 %]. PDSGP was easy to measure and resulted in no complications. PDSGP is a useful tool that could assist in the choice of the correct implant size needed during MT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

A twin-center study of nasal tip numbness following septorhinoplasty or rhinoplasty.

Nasal tip numbness is a recognized postoperative complication after septorhinoplasty and rhinoplasty. We performed a twin-center retrospective study to determine the incidence of short- and long-term (>6 mo) nasal tip numbness after these procedures, and we studied several variables that might have been associated with this complication. Our study group was made up of 65 patients-31 males and 34 females, aged 15 to 67 years (mean: 30.5). Septorhinoplasty had been performed in 52 patients and rhinoplasty in 13; all surgeries were performed by two different surgeons at two different centers. There were 50 closed (endonasal) surgeries and 15 open surgeries. Follow-up phone calls made 6 to 37 months postoperatively revealed that 17 patients had experienced postoperative nasal tip numbness (26.2%); there were 10 cases of short-term numbness (15.4%) and 7 cases of long-term numbness (10.8%). Numbness resolved within 2 weeks in 8 of the 10 short-term patients. Of the 7 cases of long-term numbness, 6 patients reported severe numbness beyond 8 months, and 1 had mild numbness for at least a year. We found no association between the incidence of numbness and the type of surgery, the particular surgeon, or the particular center where the surgery had been performed. We did find that there was an association between long-term numbness and the open procedure, but it was not statistically significant. We discuss the possible mechanisms that might cause numbness in cases when the external nasal nerve is not cut. We believe it is important to include a discussion of the risk of nasal tip numbness during preoperative consultations and when seeking informed consent.

Voice Rehabilitation After Transoral Laser Microsurgery of the Larynx.

Voice rehabilitation after transoral laser microsurgery to the larynx is challenging. We wait at least 6 months before surgical intervention. Only a few patients after total or extended cordectomy requested voice restoration. Subjective perception of voice using the Voice Handicap Index in medialization thyroplasty was significantly better. Medialization thyroplasty with elevation of the fibrous tissue from the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage is critical in achieving success. We preferred the Montgomery Thyroplasty Implant System. Transoral larynx anterior commissure stent placement after laser-assisted sectioning of anterior synechiae with application of mitomycin C is an effective procedure for anterior synechiae.

A single-centre retrospective review of unilateral and bilateral Dysport injections in adductor spasmodic dysphonia.

We reviewed the results and side-effect profile of the Dysport preparation of botulinum toxin A (BTA) in the management of the adductor spasmodic dysphonia. We performed 272 injection episodes in 68 patients, 42 (62%) female, 26 (38%) male. A total of 116 of these injections were unilateral, and 156 were bilateral; 94% of the injections were considered to have been successful with a voice score of 2 or higher. The mean duration of effect (injection intervals) was 128.8 days in the unilateral cohort and 118.7 days in the bilateral (P > 0.05). We injected a relatively lower dose of BTA for unilateral injection episodes in our institution compared to those reported by others to produce comparable results and side-effect profiles.

Unilateral versus bilateral thyroarytenoid Botulinum toxin injections in adductor spasmodic dysphonia: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: In this preliminary prospective study, we compared unilateral and bilateral thyroarytenoid muscle injections of Botulinum toxin (Dysport) in 31 patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia, who had undergone more than 5 consecutive Dysport injections (either unilateral or bilateral) and had completed 5 concomitant self-rated efficacy and complication scores questionnaires related to the previous injections. We also developed a Neurophysiological Scoring (NPS) system which has utility in the treatment administration. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Data were gathered prospectively on voice improvement (self-rated 6 point scale), length of response and duration of complications (breathiness, cough, dysphagia and total voice loss). Injections were performed under electromyography (EMG) guidance. NPS scale was used to describe the EMG response. Dose and unilateral/bilateral injections were determined by clinical judgment based on previous response. Time intervals between injections were patient driven. RESULTS: Low dose unilateral Dysport injection was associated with no significant difference in the patient's outcome in terms of duration of action, voice score (VS) and complication rate when compared to bilateral injections. Unilateral injections were not associated with any post treatment total voice loss unlike the bilateral injections. CONCLUSION: Unilateral low dose Dysport injections are recommended in the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia.

Electroglottographic and perceptual evaluation of tracheoesophageal speech.

To optimize tracheoesophageal (TO) speech after total laryngectomy, it is vital to have a robust tool of assessment to help investigate deficiencies, document changes, and facilitate therapy. We sought to evaluate and validate electroglottography (EGG) as an important tool in the multidimensional assessment of TO speech. This study is a cross-sectional study of the largest cohort of TO speakers treated by a single surgeon. A second group of normal laryngeal speakers served as a control group. EGG analysis of both groups using connected speech and sustained vowels was performed. Two trained expert raters undertook perceptual evaluation using two accepted scales. EGG measures were then analyzed for correlation with treatment variables. A separate correlation analysis was performed to identify EGG measures that may be associated with perceptual dimensions. Our data from EGG analysis are similar to data obtained from conventional acoustic signal analysis of TO speakers. Sustained vowel and connected speech parameters were poorer in TO speakers than in normal laryngeal speakers. In perceptual evaluation, only grade (G) of the GRBAS scale and Overall Voice Quality appeared reproducible and reliable. T stage, pharyngeal reconstruction and method of closure, cricopharyngeal myotomy, and postoperative complications appear to be correlated with the EGG measures. Five voice measures-jitter, shimmer, average frequency, normalized noise energy, and irregularity-correlated well with the key dimensions of perceptual assessment. EGG is an important assessment tool of TO speech, and can now be reliably used in a clinical setting.

Prospective, longitudinal electroglottographic study of voice recovery following accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy for T1/T2 larynx cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To measure voice outcomes following accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy for larynx cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with T1/T2 glottic cancer underwent serial electroglottographic and acoustic analysis (sustained vowel/i/ and connected speech) before radiotherapy and 1, 6 and 12 months post-treatment. Twenty-five normal subjects served as a reference control population. RESULTS: Pre-treatment measures were significantly worse for larynx cancer patients. Median jitter (0.23% vs 0.97%, p=0.001) and shimmer (0.62dB vs 0.98dB, p=0.05) and differences in data ranges reflected greater frequency and amplitude perturbation in the larynx cancer patients. Pre-treatment Mean Phonation Time (MPT) was significantly reduced (21s vs 14.8s, p=0.002) in larynx cancer patients. There was a trend towards improvement of jitter, shimmer and normalized noise energy at 12 months post-treatment. MPT improved but remained significantly worse than for normal subjects (21s vs 16.4s, p=0.013). Average fundamental frequency resembled normal subjects, including improvement of the measured range (91.4-244.6Hz in controls vs 100-201Hz in post-treatment larynx cancer patients). CONCLUSIONS: This non-invasive technique effectively measures post-treatment vocal function in larynx cancer patients. This study demonstrated improvement of many key parameters that influence voice function over 12 months after radiotherapy.

Electroglottographic comparison of voice outcomes in patients with advanced laryngopharyngeal cancer treated by chemoradiotherapy or total laryngectomy.

PURPOSE: To conduct prospective electroglottographic analyses of voice outcomes after radical chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced laryngopharyngeal cancers and to compare them with patients who have undergone total laryngectomy (TL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients (19 male, 2 female, median age [range] 65 [50-85] years) with Stage III/IV laryngopharyngeal cancer received induction chemotherapy followed by radical chemoradiotherapy. Electroglottography, using the sustained vowel /i/ and connected speech, was performed before treatment and 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment. In addition, single voice recordings were taken from 21 patients (16 male, 5 female, aged 65 [50-84] years) who had undergone TL and surgical voice restoration and from 21 normal controls (18 male, 3 female, aged 65 [33-80] years). RESULTS: Before treatment the vocal measures for the chemoradiotherapy patients were significantly different from normal controls in jitter (p = 0.02), maximum phonation time (MPT) (p = 0.001), and words per minute (WPM) (p = 0.01). At 12 months after treatment MPT and WPM had normalized, but jitter and normalized noise energy were significantly worse than in normal controls. Comparison of voice outcomes at 12 months for chemoradiotherapy patients revealed superiority over the TL group in all parameters except MPT (18.2 s vs. 10.4 s, p = 0.06). Analysis of the recovery of voice up to 12 months after treatment revealed progressive improvement in most electroglottographic measures. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrates significantly better outcome for patients treated with chemoradiotherapy as compared with TL. Progressive normalization of many voice parameters occurs over the 12 months following chemoradiotherapy.