MRI in acute ligamentous injuries of the ankle.

Ankle sprains are the most common lower limb injuries and affect more frequently young athletes; imaging is needed for an accurate diagnosis of such traumatic injuries. The purpose of this review is to analyse the magnetic resonance (MR) findings of both normal and pathological ankle's ligaments; indeed, MRI is the gold standard for the diagnosis of acute traumatic injuries and is useful for differentiation of the causes of ankle instability as well as for pre-operative planning.

Gallstone ileus: literature review.

Gallstone ileus is a rare case of mechanical intestinal obstruction observed in patients with history of cholelithiasis or cholecystitis. Its diagnosis is difficult and it is characterized by high mortality rate. Diagnostic Imaging plays an important role in the management of patients with suspected gallstone ileus because an early diagnosis could reduce the mortality. Abdominal Computed Tomography (CT) is the preferred modality because of its rapid diagnosis. Surgery remains the gold standard treatment.

Imaging of congenital pulmonary malformations.

Congenital pulmonary malformations represent a broad spectrum of anomalies that may result in varied clinical and pathologic pictures, ranging from recurrent pulmonary infections and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which require timely drug therapy, up to large space-occupying lesions needing surgical treatment. This classification includes three distinct anatomical and pathological entities, represented by Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation, Bronchopulmonary Sequestration and Congenital Lobar Emphysema. The final result in terms of embryological and fetal development of these alterations is a Congenital Lung Hypoplasia. Since even Bronchial Atresia, Pulmonary Bronchogenic Cysts and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias are due to Pulmonary Hypoplasia, these diseases will be discussed in this review (1, 2).