ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) contributes to the development of pressure injury in a significant number of hospitalized patients. Pressure injuries contribute to increased length of hospital stay, pain, infection, and disfigurement. This study examined the relationship between NIV use and pressure injuries in hospitalized subjects. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients on NIV at a tertiary-care children's hospital over a 2-y period. We studied the relationship between the characteristics of NIV use and measures of pressure injury severity. RESULTS: A total of 255 subjects, mean ± SD age 11.3 ± 5.8 y with 343 episodes of NIV use were evaluated, 7.2% (25/343) of which were associated with pressure injury. In univariate analysis, the presence of pressure injury was associated with older age (P = .01), maximum leak (P = .01), 95th percentile leak (P = .01), the log duration of time on NIV until pressure injury formation (P = .01), and maximum inspiratory positive airway pressure level (P = .01). Maximum leak remained statistically significant after multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: After multivariate analysis, only high mask leak was significantly associated with developing a pressure injury. Identifying risk factors that correlate with NIV device-related hospital acquired pressure injuries in children can direct procedures to prevent pressure injury in hospitalized children at high risk.
Subject(s)
Noninvasive Ventilation , Pressure Ulcer , Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury , Ventilators, Mechanical , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Maximal Respiratory Pressures , Noninvasive Ventilation/instrumentation , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/epidemiology , Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/etiology , Ventilators, Mechanical/adverse effects , Pressure Ulcer/epidemiologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction. Interferon-free, multi-direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly effective and well tolerated, but costly. To gain perspective on the evolving economics of HCV therapy, we compared the cost per cure of a multi-DAA regimen with the prior standard of triple therapy. Material and methods. Patients infected with HCV genotype 1 who were treated through the University of Colorado Hepatology Clinic between May 2011 and December 2014 comprised the study population. The multi-DAA regimen of simeprevir plus sofosbuvir (SMV/SOF) was compared to the triple therapy regimen consisting of peginterferon and ribavirin, with either boceprevir or telaprevir (TT). Sustained-virologic response (SVR) rates, total costs per treatment and adverse events were recorded. Total cost per SVR were compared for the two treatments, controlling for patient demographics and clinical characteristics. Results. One hundred eighty-three patients received SMV/SOF (n = 70) or TT (n = 113). Patients receiving SMV/SOF were older, more treatment experienced, and had a higher stage of fibrosis. SVRs were 86% and 59%, average total costs per patient were $152,775 and $95,943, and average total costs per SVR were $178,237 vs. $161,813.49 for SMV/SOF and TT groups, respectively. Medication costs accounted for 98% of SMV/SOF and 85% of TT treatment costs. Conclusion. The high cure rate of multi-DAA treatment of HCV is offset by the high costs of the DAAs, such that the cost per cure from TT to multi-DAA therapy has been relatively constant. In order to cure more patients, either additional financial resources will need to be allocated to the treatment of HCV or drug costs will need to be reduced.
Subject(s)
Humans , Protease Inhibitors/economics , Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Hepatitis C, Chronic/economics , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Simeprevir/economics , Simeprevir/therapeutic use , Sofosbuvir/economics , Sofosbuvir/therapeutic use , Outpatient Clinics, Hospital/economics , Protease Inhibitors/adverse effects , Remission Induction , Colorado , Treatment Outcome , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Hepacivirus/enzymology , Hepacivirus/genetics , Models, Economic , Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis , Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology , Drug Therapy, Combination , Simeprevir/adverse effects , Sofosbuvir/adverse effects , Sustained Virologic Response , GenotypeABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Interferon-free, multi-direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly effective and well tolerated, but costly. To gain perspective on the evolving economics of HCV therapy, we compared the cost per cure of a multi-DAA regimen with the prior standard of triple therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients infected with HCV genotype 1 who were treated through the University of Colorado Hepatology Clinic between May 2011 and December 2014 comprised the study population. The multi-DAA regimen of simeprevir plus sofosbuvir (SMV/SOF) was compared to the triple therapy regimen consisting of peginterferon and ribavirin, with either boceprevir or telaprevir (TT). Sustained-virologic response (SVR) rates, total costs per treatment and adverse events were recorded. Total cost per SVR were compared for the two treatments, controlling for patient demographics and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-three patients received SMV/SOF (n = 70) or TT (n = 113). Patients receiving SMV/SOF were older, more treatment experienced, and had a higher stage of fibrosis. SVRs were 86% and 59%, average total costs per patient were $152,775 and $95,943, and average total costs per SVR were $178,237 vs. $161,813.49 for SMV/SOF and TT groups, respectively. Medication costs accounted for 98% of SMV/SOF and 85% of TT treatment costs. CONCLUSION: The high cure rate of multi-DAA treatment of HCV is offset by the high costs of the DAAs, such that the cost per cure from TT to multi-DAA therapy has been relatively constant. In order to cure more patients, either additional financial resources will need to be allocated to the treatment of HCV or drug costs will need to be reduced.
