ABSTRACT
In order to discover novel probes that may help in the investigation and the control of bacterial biofilms, we have designed a library of triazole-based analogs of 2-aminoimidazole marine alkaloids: naamine A and isonaamine A. Twenty-two compounds were screened for their biofilm inhibitory activity against two strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Four compounds were shown to act as non-toxic inhibitors of biofilm development without effect on bacterial growth even at high concentrations (100 µM).
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Biofilms/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Imidazoles/chemistry , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Triazoles/chemistry , Triazoles/pharmacology , Alkaloids/chemistry , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Drug Design , Gram-Negative Bacteria/physiology , Models, Molecular , Paracoccus/drug effects , Paracoccus/physiology , Pseudoalteromonas/drug effects , Pseudoalteromonas/physiology , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Incinerators do not achieve a complete mineralization of organic constituents of municipal solid waste. Bottom ash (main solid residue from incineration process) still contains a small quantity of carbon (1 to 5% in weight). This study is about characterisation of the carboned fraction (without carbonates) present in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as well as its influence on the short and long-term behavior of bottom ash. Qualitative and quantitative characterisation of different carbon species (refractory carbon, labile organic carbon, water dissolved organic carbon, maximum extractable organic carbon and non extractable organic carbon) are realised with various analytical methods (DSC, GC/MS, liquid phase carbon analyser). In this work, whatever studied sample, the same proportion of labile organic carbon is mobilisable by water. This labile organic fraction corresponds to the maximum quantity of extractable carbon and refractory carbon to non extractable organic carbon. This fine characterisation of the carboned fraction has allowed the evaluation of the quality and the short- and long-term non negligeable influence of the organic reservoir present in MSWI bottom ash.
Subject(s)
Carbon/analysis , Environmental Monitoring , Refuse Disposal , Conservation of Natural Resources , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , IncinerationABSTRACT
In this study, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is applied to speciation and evaluation of carbon in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. This innovative recognition approach highlights and quantifies different types of carboned materials in bottom ash: Labile Organic Carbon (LOC) and Refractory Carbon (RC). The Labile Organic Carbon contains small molecules unburnt or decomposed and volatile. This organic material (LOC) is oxidized at medium temperatures (between 300 and 325 degrees C). The Refractory Carbon contains Elementary Carbon (EC) and Resistant Organic Carbon (ROC) in the form of complex molecules of high molecular weight. This is oxidized at high temperatures (between 435 and 470 degrees C).
