Uncovering sarcopenia and frailty in older adults by using muscle ultrasound-A narrative review.

Muscle ultrasound is a valuable non-invasive and cost-effective method in assessing muscle mass and structure, both of which are significant indicators for the development of sarcopenia and frailty in elderly individuals. Sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with age, whereas frailty is a complex geriatric syndrome characterized by reduced physical function and an increased susceptibility to negative health outcomes. Both conditions are prevalent in older adults and are associated with higher risks of falls, disability, and mortality. By measuring muscle size and structure and several other ultrasound parameters, including muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, echogenicity (brightness in the ultrasound image), pennation angle, and fascicle length ultrasound can assist in identifying sarcopenia and frailty in older adults. In addition, ultrasound can be used to evaluate muscle function such as muscle contraction and stiffness, which may also be affected in sarcopenia and frailty. Therefore, muscle ultrasound could lead to better identification and tracking of sarcopenia and frailty. Such advancements could result in the implementation of earlier interventions to prevent or treat these conditions, resulting in an overall improvement in the health and quality of life of the elderly population. This narrative review describes the benefits and challenges when using ultra-sound for the evaluation of frailty and sarcopenia.

Which Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) instruments are currently used in Germany: a survey.

BACKGROUND: The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) records geriatric syndromes in a standardized manner, allowing individualized treatment tailored to the patient's needs and resources. Its use has shown a beneficial effect on the functional outcome and survival of geriatric patients. A recently published German S1 guideline for level 2 CGA provides recommendations for the use of a broad variety of different assessment instruments for each geriatric syndrome. However, the actual use of assessment instruments in routine geriatric clinical practice and its consistency with the guideline and the current state of literature has not been investigated to date. METHODS: An online survey was developed by an expert group of geriatricians and sent to all licenced geriatricians (n = 569) within Germany. The survey included the following geriatric syndromes: motor function and self-help capability, cognition, depression, pain, dysphagia and nutrition, social status and comorbidity, pressure ulcers, language and speech, delirium, and frailty. Respondents were asked to report which geriatric assessment instruments are used to assess the respective syndromes. RESULTS: A total of 122 clinicians participated in the survey (response rate: 21%); after data cleaning, 76 data sets remained for analysis. All participants regularly used assessment instruments in the following categories: motor function, self-help capability, cognition, depression, and pain. The most frequently used instruments in these categories were the Timed Up and Go (TUG), the Barthel Index (BI), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Limited or heterogenous assessments are used in the following categories: delirium, frailty and social status. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the assessment of motor function, self-help capability, cognition, depression, pain, and dysphagia and nutrition is consistent with the recommendations of the S1 guideline for level 2 CGA. Instruments recommended for more frequent use include the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the WHO-5 (depression). There is a particular need for standardized assessment of delirium, frailty and social status. The harmonization of assessment instruments throughout geriatric departments shall enable more effective treatment and prevention of age-related diseases and syndromes.

An examination of anxiety and its influence on health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease using the geriatric anxiety scale: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety is one of the most common but often overlooked mood-related nonmotor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). To improve the well-being of people with PD, it is important to understand the impact of anxiety in PD, especially its association with depressive and motor symptoms and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: 91 people with PD were assessed between June 2017 and June 2018. Anxiety was measured using the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS) and its cognitive, somatic, and affective subscales. HRQoL was assessed using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39). Moreover, sociodemographic information, depressive symptoms, cognition, motor and nonmotor symptoms were assessed. Descriptive statistics, regression analyses, and path analyses were performed to understand predictors of anxiety and its influence on HRQoL. RESULTS: Of the 91 people with PD, 35 (38.5%) experienced anxiety. Anxiety symptoms in these individuals primarily manifest as somatic sensations. Anxiety, motor, and depressive symptoms are interlinked but contribute individually to HRQoL. Beyond motor symptoms, cognitive and affective aspects of anxiety impact HRQoL. While anxiety and depression overlap, the somatic and cognitive aspects of anxiety play a significant role in determining HRQoL in addition to depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our study used the GAS and its three subscales to shed light on the connections between anxiety, depression, and motor impairment in people with PD. Although anxiety is linked to depression and motor symptoms, it independently affects the HRQoL of people with PD. Thus, it is crucial to adopt a comprehensive diagnostic approach that detects and considers the impact of anxiety on HRQoL in PD.

Impact of depressive symptoms on medication adherence in older adults with chronic neurological diseases.

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence to medication contributes substantially to worse health outcomes. Especially among older adults with chronic illness, multimorbidity leads to complex medication regimes and high nonadherence rates. In previous research, depressive symptomology has been identified as a major contributor to nonadherence, and some authors hypothesize a link via motivational deficits and low self-efficacy. However, the exact mechanisms linking depressive symptomology and nonadherence are not yet understood. This is in part because the often-employed sum scores cannot do justice to the complexity of depressive symptomology; instead, it is recommended to assess the influence of individual symptoms. METHODS: Following this symptom-based approach, we performed correlation, network and regression analysis using depressive symptoms as depicted by the items of the revised Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) to assess their influence with nonadherence in N = 731 older adults with chronic neurological diseases. Nonadherence was measured with the self-report Stendal Adherence to Medication Score (SAMS). RESULTS: Even when controlling for sociodemographic and health-related covariates, the BDI remained the most influential contributor to nonadherence. Across different methods, Loss of Interest and Difficulty with Concentration were identified as particularly influential for nonadherence, linking nonadherence with other affective or somatic BDI items, respectively. Additionally, Fatigue, Problems with Decision Making, Suicidal Thoughts, and Worthlessness contribute to nonadherence. CONCLUSION: Using a symptom-driven approach, we aimed to understand which depressive symptoms contribute to higher levels of nonadherence. Our results refine previous hypotheses about motivation and control beliefs by suggesting that it is not merely a lack of beliefs in the efficacy of medication that connects depressive symptoms and nonadherence, but rather an overall lack of interest in improving one's health due to feelings of worthlessness and suicidal tendencies. This lack of interest is further substantiated by already sparse resources caused by changes in concentration and fatigue. In order to improve health outcomes and reduce nonadherence, these associations between depressive symptoms must be further understood and targeted in tailored interventions.

Exploring factors associated with self-rated health in individuals with diabetes and its impact on quality of life: Evidence from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Self-rated health (SRH), a measure of self-reported general health, is a robust predictor of morbidity and mortality in various populations, including people with diabetes. Diabetes is negatively associated with SRH and quality of life (QoL). Little is known about how people with diabetes rate their health and which aspects influence the rating. Also, the predictive value of SRH on future QoL has not yet been evaluated. METHODS: We analyzed data from 46 592 participants of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Using linear regression, we aimed to determine which sociodemographic, socioeconomic, medical, social, mental, and health behavior factors determine SRH in people with diabetes. In addition, we analyzed the predictive value of SRH on future QoL using the generalized estimating equations procedure. RESULTS: We determined that country, current job situation, hospitalization, pain, polypharmacy, memory, eyesight, activities of daily living, number of chronic diseases, and depression are all linked to SRH. Together these variables explained 38% of the SRH's variance, whereas depression, pain, and memory had the greatest influence on SRH of people with diabetes. We also found that SRH independently predicted future QoL, supported by a regression coefficient of ß = -1.261 (Wald chi-square test, χ2 = 22.097, df = 1, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: As SRH is linked to future QoL, we conclude that incorporating SRH assessment into medical evaluations can help health care professionals gaining a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's health trajectory and supporting patients to enhance their QoL.

Social deprivation and exclusion in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe prevalence and associated factors of social deprivation in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Data were taken from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), a multidisciplinary, cross-national and longitudinal research project. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling adults from waves 5 (2013, n=66 188) and 6 (2015, n=68 186) of the SHARE dataset. After longitudinal analyses, participants in wave 5 can be retrospectively divided into the following three subgroups: PwPD at wave 5 (n=559), people newly reported PD from wave 5 to wave 6 (prodromal PD; n=215) and people without PD (n=46 737). OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence and associated factors of social deprivation in PD, its impact on quality of life (QoL) and its onset within the course of PD. RESULTS: PwPD had higher indices for material and social deprivation than non-PD participants, and 20% of PwPD were at risk of social exclusion. Social deprivation alone accounted for 35% and material deprivation for 21% of QoL variance and remained significant predictors of QoL after adjustment for cofactors. Social deprivation and risk of social exclusion were already increased in people with prodromal PD, and accordingly preceded PD diagnosis in wave 6. CONCLUSIONS: For the treatment of PD, we should consider the impact of social deprivation and exclusion on QoL and their association with mental and physical functioning. However, the relevance of social deprivation as a prodromal phenomenon requires further investigation.

Self-management of geriatric syndromes - an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Self-management of health refers to various actions and decisions that impact health outcomes. To improve health, independence, and quality of life (QoL) while reducing healthcare utilization and costs, patients' self-management abilities can be enhanced. However, disease-specific self-management interventions may not be applicable for older adults with multiple illnesses. Instead, focusing on prevalent geriatric syndromes, such as frailty, cognitive decline, pain, incontinence, or impaired mobility, may be more beneficial. To achieve this, a detailed understanding of the specific needs of the older population is crucial. METHODS: Patients who are 70 years old or older will be chosen from four geriatric hospitals, which include both inpatient and outpatient facilities. At baseline, each participant will undergo a comprehensive geriatric evaluation and answer various questionnaires that focus on their current self-management abilities, self-efficacy, anxiety, aging perception, and QoL. Moreover, extensive data on the presence and impact of geriatric syndromes will be gathered. Three and six months after the initial evaluation, follow-up assessments will be conducted to identify any changes in participants' health, independence in daily activities, geriatric syndromes, cognition and mood, QoL, and self-management. DISCUSSION: The present investigation aims to assess the factors that may facilitate or impede self-management in older adults afflicted with geriatric syndromes. Instead of concentrating on particular diseases, this study will analyze the association between self-management and geriatric syndromes. The information obtained will contribute to clinical expertise on the self-management habits of older adults and their effects on their well-being, autonomy, and overall QoL, as well as provide insights into geriatric syndromes. This valuable knowledge will be crucial for developing personalised programs to enhance self-management among older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Trial Register (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien) DRKS00031016.

Nationwide Retrospective Analysis of Combinations of Advanced Therapies in Patients With Parkinson Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Advanced therapies (ATs; deep brain stimulation [DBS] or pump therapies: continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion [CSAI], levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel [LCIG]) are used in later stages of Parkinson disease (PD). However, decreasing efficacy over time and/or side effects may require an AT change or combination in individual patients. Current knowledge about changing or combining ATs is limited to mostly retrospective and small-scale studies. The nationwide case collection Combinations of Advanced Therapies in PD assessed simultaneous or sequential AT combinations in Germany since 2005 to analyze their clinical outcome, their side effects, and the reasons for AT modifications. METHODS: Data were acquired retrospectively by modular questionnaires in 22 PD centers throughout Germany based on clinical records and comprised general information about the centers/patients, clinical (Mini-Mental Status Test/Montréal Cognitive Assessment, Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS], side effects, reasons for AT modification), and therapeutical (ATs with specifications, oral medication) data. Data assessment started with initiation of the second AT. RESULTS: A total of 148 AT modifications in 116 patients were associated with significantly improved objective (median decrease of MDS-UPDRS Part III 4.0 points [p < 0.001], of MDS-UPDRS Part IV 6.0 points [p < 0.001], of MDS-UPDRS Part IV-off-time item 1.0 points [p < 0.001]) and subjective clinical outcome and decreasing side effect rates. Main reasons for an AT modification were insufficient symptom control and side effects of the previous therapy. Subgroup analyses suggest addition of DBS in AT patients with leading dyskinesia, addition of LCIG for leading other cardinal motor symptoms, and addition of LCIG or CSAI for dominant off-time. The most long-lasting therapy-until requiring a modification-was DBS. DISCUSSION: Changing or combining ATs may be beneficial when 1 AT is insufficient in efficacy or side effects. The outcome of an AT combination is comparable with the clinical benefit by introducing the first AT. The added AT should be chosen dependent on dominant clinical symptoms and adverse effects. Furthermore, prospective trials are needed to confirm the results of this exploratory case collection. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that, in patients with PD, changing or combining ATs is associated with an improvement in the MDS-UPDRS or subjective symptom reporting.

Prospective associations between hand grip strength and subsequent depressive symptoms in men and women aged 50 years and older: insights from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe.

Introduction: In previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, depressive symptoms have been associated with lower hand grip strength (HGS), which is a convenient measure of overall muscular strength and serves as a marker of poor health. Most studies have considered low sample sizes or highly selective patient cohorts. Methods: We studied the association between depressive symptoms (EURO-D) and HGS in three waves from the cross-national panel dataset Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Linear regressions and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were conducted to determine factors associated with depressive symptoms and investigate whether HGS predicts future depressive symptoms. Results: Cross-sectional HGS explained 7.0% (Wave 4), 5.7% (Wave 5), and 6.4% (Wave 6) of the EURO-D variance. In the GEE, we analyzed people without depression in Wave 4 (N = 39,572). HGS predicted future EURO-D (B = -0.21, OR = 0.979, 95%CI (0.979, 0.980), p < 0.001) and remained a significant predictor of future depressive symptoms after adjustment for age, sex, psychosocial and physical covariates. Discussion: Muscle strength is a known marker for physical health, but a relation with mental health has also been proposed previously. This study confirmed the link between HGS and depressive symptoms in men and women aged ≥50 years in a large longitudinal dataset. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms behind this link to determine whether HGS can serve as a specific marker of depressive symptomology, or whether they coexist due to common underlying disease processes.

Tailored interventions to improve adherence to medication in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (AdhCare).

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence to medication is a major issue in patients with chronic disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Many interventions for increasing adherence have been tested, and these have shown weak-to-moderate efficiency. Although the best methods to improve adherence remain unclear, it is reasonable to use tailored interventions instead of the "one-size-fits-all" approach. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, triple-blinded trial in elderly patients with PD is conducted to test the efficacy of AdhCare, a tailored intervention to enhance adherence compared with that achieved with routine care (64 participants per arm). Motor function, quality of life, and adherence measures will be assessed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. The type of intervention depends on the main personal reason for nonadherence (e.g., forgetting to take the medication or poor knowledge about the medication). DISCUSSION: The results of this study will provide valuable information for health professionals and policymakers on the effectiveness of tailored interventions in elderly patients with PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00023655. Registered on 24 February 2021. Last update on 22 March 2023.

The impact of loneliness on quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease: results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe.

Background: Loneliness is a growing issue for public health in an aging society. However, there is a lack of research on loneliness in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional and longitudinal data from wave 5 (N = 559 PwPD) and 6 (N = 442 PwPD) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Loneliness was assessed using the three-item version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Descriptive statistics, group comparisons, multiple linear regressions, and generalized estimating equation analysis were performed to explore loneliness prevalence, its relationship with other factors, and its impact on Quality of Life (QoL) in PwPD. Results: Depending on the used cut-off, the prevalence of loneliness in PwPD ranged from 24.1 to 53.8%. These prevalences were higher compared to people without PD. Loneliness was mainly linked to decreased functional abilities, weaker grip strength, more symptoms of depression, and country of residence. Loneliness was also associated with current QoL and predicts future QoL in PwPD, highlighting its impact on well-being. Conclusion: Addressing loneliness could potentially improve QoL for PwPD, making it a modifiable risk factor that clinicians and policy-makers should consider.

Depressive Symptoms and Their Impact on Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: An Exploratory Network Analysis Approach.

The clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease (PD) is often dominated by depressive symptoms, which can significantly impact the patients' quality of life (QoL). However, it is not clear how these depressive symptoms are interconnected, or if some symptoms are more influential in affecting QoL. In the Cohort of Patients with Parkinson's Disease in Spain (COPPADIS) study, 686 patients with PD were analyzed using network analyses. The patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and provided their overall QoL (EUROHIS-QOL) at the beginning of the study. The study used centrality measures such as Expected Influence and Bridge Expected Influence to identify depressive symptoms that had the greatest impact on overall QoL. The results of exploratory network analyses indicate that the BDI-II items related to loss of energy, past failure, and tiredness or fatigue have the greatest impact on overall QoL as measured by the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index. The loss of energy and tiredness or fatigue BDI-II items are also strongly associated with a number of different EUROHIS-QOL items, according to Bridge Expected Influences. For individuals suffering from PD, network analysis can aid in identifying significant non-motor symptoms that impact their QoL, thus paving the way for potential improvements.

Social exclusion in people with diabetes: cross-sectional and longitudinal results from the German Ageing Survey (DEAS).

As social exclusion can be linked to worse health and overall reduced quality of life, we describe social exclusion in people with diabetes and assess whether diabetes can be considered as a risk factor for social exclusion. We analyzed two waves (2014, 2017, N = 6604) from a survey of community-dwelling people aged > 40 using linear regression, group comparison and generalized estimating equations to explore the association between diabetes, social exclusion, socioeconomic, physical and psychosocial variables. In the entire cohort, diabetes was cross-sectionally associated with social exclusion after adjusting for covariates (p = 0.001). In people with diabetes, social exclusion was further associated with self-esteem (p < 0.001), loneliness (p = < 0.001), income (p = 0.017), depression (p = 0.001), physical diseases (p = 0.04), and network size (p = 0.043). Longitudinal data revealed that higher levels of social exclusion were already present before the diagnosis of diabetes, and future social exclusion was predicted by self-esteem, loneliness, depression, and income, but not by diabetes (p = .221). We conclude that diabetes is not a driver of social exclusion. Instead, both seem to co-occur as a consequence of health-related and psychosocial variables.

Using network analysis to explore the validity and influential items of the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39.

Quality of life (QoL) in people with Parkinson´s disease (PD) is commonly measured with the PD questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), but its factor structure and construct validity have been questioned. To develop effective interventions to improve QoL, it is crucial to understand the connection between different PDQ-39 items and to assess the validity of PDQ-39 subscales. With a new approach based on network analysis using the extended Bayesian Information Criterion Graphical Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (EBICglasso) followed by factor analysis, we mostly replicated the original PDQ-39 subscales in two samples of PD patients (total N = 977). However, model fit was better when the "ignored" item was categorized into the social support instead of the communication subscale. In both study cohorts, "depressive mood", "feeling isolated", "feeling embarrassed", and "having trouble getting around in public/needing company when going out" were identified as highly connected variables. This network approach can help to illustrate the relationship between different symptoms and direct interventional approaches in a more effective manner.

The Impact of Nonmotor Symptoms on Health-Related Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Network Analysis Approach.

Nonmotor symptoms negatively affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unknown which nonmotor symptoms are most commonly associated with HRQoL. Considering the complex interacting network of various nonmotor symptoms and HRQoL, this study aimed to reveal the network structure, explained HRQoL variance, and identify the nonmotor symptoms that primarily affect HRQoL. We included 689 patients with PD from the Cohort of Patients with Parkinson's Disease in Spain (COPPADIS) study who were rated on the Nonmotor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson's disease (NMSS) and the Parkinson´s Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39) at baseline. Network analyses were performed for the 30 items of the NMSS and both the PDQ-39 summary index and eight subscales. The nodewise predictability, edge weights, strength centrality, and bridge strength were determined. In PD, nonmotor symptoms are closely associated with the mobility, emotional well-being, cognition, and bodily discomfort subscales of the PDQ-39. The most influential nonmotor symptoms were found to be fatigue, feeling sad, hyperhidrosis, impaired concentration, and daytime sleepiness. Further research is needed to confirm whether influencing these non-motor symptoms can improve HRQoL.

Longitudinal analysis of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson's Disease (NMSS): An exploratory network analysis approach.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. In particular, non-motor symptoms have become increasingly relevant to disease progression. This study aimed to reveal which non-motor symptoms have the highest impact on the complex interacting system of various non-motor symptoms and to determine the progression of these interactions over time. Methods: We performed exploratory network analyses of 499 patients with PD from the Cohort of Patients with Parkinson's Disease in Spain study, who had Non-Motor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson's Disease ratings obtained at baseline and a 2-year follow-up. Patients were aged between 30 and 75 years and had no dementia. The strength centrality measures were determined using the extended Bayesian information criterion and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. A network comparison test was conducted for the longitudinal analyses. Results: Our study revealed that the depressive symptoms anhedonia and feeling sad had the strongest impact on the overall pattern of non-motor symptoms in PD. Although several non-motor symptoms increase in intensity over time, their complex interacting networks remain stable. Conclusion: Our results suggest that anhedonia and feeling sad are influential non-motor symptoms in the network and, thus, are promising targets for interventions as they are closely linked to other non-motor symptoms.

Gait Characteristics Associated with Fear of Falling in Hospitalized People with Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Fear of falling (FOF) is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and associated with distinct gait changes. Here, we aimed to answer, how quantitative gait assessment can improve our understanding of FOF-related gait in hospitalized geriatric patients with PD. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 79 patients with advanced PD, FOF was assessed with the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), and spatiotemporal gait parameters were recorded with a mobile gait analysis system with inertial measurement units at each foot while normal walking. In addition, demographic parameters, disease-specific motor (MDS-revised version of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Hoehn & Yahr), and non-motor (Non-motor Symptoms Questionnaire, Montreal Cognitive Assessment) scores were assessed. RESULTS: According to the FES-I, 22.5% reported low, 28.7% moderate, and 47.5% high concerns about falling. Most concerns were reported when walking on a slippery surface, on an uneven surface, or up or down a slope. In the final regression model, previous falls, more depressive symptoms, use of walking aids, presence of freezing of gait, and lower walking speed explained 42% of the FES-I variance. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that FOF is closely related to gait changes in hospitalized PD patients. Therefore, FOF needs special attention in the rehabilitation of these patients, and targeting distinct gait parameters under varying walking conditions might be a promising part of a multimodal treatment program in PD patients with FOF. The effect of these targeted interventions should be investigated in future trials.

Using a generic quality of life measure to determine adherence thresholds: a cross-sectional study on older adults with neurological disorders in Germany.

OBJECTIVES: Measuring the degree of adherence to medication is essential in healthcare However, the cut-offs provided for adherence scales are often arbitrary and disease-specific, and need to be validated against a clinical outcome. Here, we used health-related quality of life (QoL) to determine cut-offs for a self-report adherence questionnaire in patients with neurological diagnoses. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: 910 patients (age 70±8.6 years) with neurological disorders were recruited from the wards of neurology at a local university hospital. All patients received a comprehensive geriatric assessment, including assessments of adherence (Stendal Adherence to Medication Score, SAMS) and QoL (Short Form Survey SF-36). OUTCOME MEASURES: The main aim of the study was to define a cut-off for non-adherence at which QoL is significantly impaired. Thus, we used Spearman's rank correlation, multivariate and univariate analyses of variance to test the impact of different adherence levels on QoL. Receiver operating characteristics and area under curve measures were then used to determine cut-off scores for adherence based on significant differences in QoL. RESULTS: Correlations between SAMS and SF-36 domains were weak (ranging between r=-0.205 for emotional well-being and r=-0.094 for pain) and the effect of non-adherence on QoL disappeared in the multivariate analysis of variance (p=0.522) after adjusting for demographical and clinical factors. SAMS cut-offs in terms of SF-36 domains varied greatly, so that an overall SAMS cut-off for this cohort could not be defined. CONCLUSIONS: QoL as measured by the SF-36 is not suitable as a single outcome parameter to study the impact of non-adherence on QoL in a mixed neurological cohort. Since both QoL and adherence are heterogeneous, multifaceted constructs, it is unlikely to find an overarching cut-off applicable for all patients. Thus, it may be necessary to use disease or cohort-specific external outcome parameters to measure the indirect effect of interventions to enhance adherence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: DRKS00016774.

Instruments for measuring self-management and self-care in geriatric patients - a scoping review.

Introduction: With demographic changes, prioritizing effective care for geriatric patients to maintain functionality, independence, and quality of life is crucial. Well-developed self-management or self-care abilities, which can be maintained and improved through interventions, are of the utmost importance. To implement these interventions tailored and effectively, a thorough assessment of the individual's self-management and self-care abilities is required. Objective: This scoping review aimed to identify self-management and self-care instruments suitable for geriatric patients, their underlying theories and definitions of self-management and self-care, and their similarities and differences in item content. Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed and CINAHL databases was conducted to identify retrievable full-text articles published in English in the medical and nursing fields since the 1970s, which were validated on a sample with an average age of at least 70 years, used generic rather than disease-specific items, and addressed the broad range of self-management and self-care abilities. Results: Of the 20 included articles, six instruments were identified that were based on different theories and offered varying definitions of self-management or self-care. Despite these differences, all emphasize empowered individuals taking an active role in their care. Most address actual behavior and abilities referring to lifestyle factors and (anticipated) adjustment behavior. However, crucial aspects, such as psychological factors, (instrumental) activities of daily living, and social environment are not fully addressed in these instruments, nor are the types of execution to which the items refer, such as wants, feelings, confidence, or attitudes. Conclusion: To fully understand how geriatric patients implement daily self-management or self-care, a combination of instruments covering the important factors of self-management and self-care and addressing multiple types of item execution, such as behaviors, abilities, wants, or attitudes, is recommended. This review provides the first comprehensive overview of self-management and self-care instruments suitable for geriatric patients.

Trajectories of quality of life in people with diabetes mellitus: results from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe.

Introduction: Previous longitudinal studies identified various factors predicting changes in Quality of Life (QoL) in people with diabetes mellitus (PwDM). However, in these studies, the stability of QoL has not been assessed with respect to individual differences. Methods: We studied the predictive influence of variables on the development of QoL in PwDM across three waves (2013-2017) from the cross-national panel dataset Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). To determine clinically meaningful changes in QoL, we identified minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Linear regressions and Linear Mixed Models (LMM) were conducted to determine factors associated with changes in QoL. Results: On average, QoL remained stable across three waves in 2989 PwDM, with a marginal difference only present between the first and last wave. However, when looking at individual trajectories, 19 different longitudinal patterns of QoL were identified across the three time-points, with 38.8% of participants showing stable QoL. Linear regression linked lower QoL to female gender, less education, loneliness, reduced memory function, physical inactivity, reduced health, depression, and mobility limitations. LMM showed that the random effect of ID had the strongest impact on QoL across the three waves, suggesting highly individual QoL patterns. Conclusion: This study enhances the understanding of the stability of QoL measures, which are often used as primary endpoints in clinical research. We demonstrated that using traditional averaging methods, QoL appears stable on group level. However, our analysis indicated that QoL should be measured on an individual level.