Genome wide identification and evolutionary analysis of vat like NBS-LRR genes potentially associated with resistance to aphids in cotton.

Nucleotide Binding Site - Leucine Rich Repeat (NBS-LRR) genes play a significant role in plant defense against biotic stresses and are an integral part of signal transduction pathways. Vat gene has been well reported for their role in resistance to Aphis gossypii and viruses transmitted by them. Despite their importance, Vat like NBS-LRR resistance genes have not yet been identified and studied in cotton species. This study report hundreds of orthologous Vat like NBS-LRR genes from the genomes of 18 cotton species through homology searches and the distribution of those identified genes were tend to be clustered on different chromosome. Especially, in a majority of the cases, Vat like genes were located on chromosome number 13 and they all shared two conserved NBS-LRR domains, one disease resistant domain and several repeats of LRR on the investigated cotton Vat like proteins. Gene ontology study on Vat like NBS-LRR genes revealed the molecular functions viz., ADP and protein binding. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that Vat like sequences of two diploid species, viz., G. arboreum and G. anomalum, were closely related to the sequences of the tetraploids than all other diploids. The Vat like genes of G. aridum and G. schwendimanii were distantly related among diploids and tetraploids species. Various hormones and defense related cis-acting regulatory elements were identified from the 2 kb upstream sequences of the Vat like genes implying their defensive response towards the biotic stresses. Interestingly, G. arboreum and G. trilobum were found to have more regulatory elements than larger genomes of tetraploid cotton species. Thus, the present study provides the evidence for the evolution of Vat like genes in defense mechanisms against aphids infestation in cotton genomes and allows further characterization of candidate genes for developing aphid and aphid transmitted viruses resistant crops through cotton breeding.

Rare survival of high-tension electrocution shock in a crossbred Jersey cattle: a complete profile on critical care monitoring.

Background: Accidental electrocution was more common in animals and death was mostly due to shock and cardiac arrest. Survival of animals or humans could be possible if victims receive immediate medical support. Case description: A 3-year-old crossbred Jersey heifer was presented to the Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Referral Clinic of the Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, with a history of accidental electrocution by broken high-tension overhead power transmission line during grazing in the paddy fields. The animal was dull and depressed, dark red, and some areas were charred in appearance on the dorsum and limbs. The animal showed difficulty walking due to the electrocution burn injury and was poorly responding to the surroundings. Clinical examination revealed subnormal temperature, polypnea, pale mucous membranes, ruminal atony, and arrhythmias on auscultation. Findings/treatment and outcome: On point of care (PoC) hematology testing, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and microcytosis were observed. PoC electrolyte analysis revealed hypocalcemia (ionized calcium 0.89 mmol/L), mild hypochloremia, and severe hypokalemia (2.81 mmol/L). PoC biochemistry revealed hypoglycemia (41 mg/dl). PoC elevated levels of serum cardiac troponin (0.33 ng/dl) indicated cardiac damage. Aspartate aminotransferase (1794 U/L), CK-MB (699 U/L) and LDH (6.7 U/L) were also elevated. On PoC urinalysis, proteinuria, myoglobinuria, and glucosuria were observed. Evident clinical recovery, wound healing, and improvement in animal activities were observed. Conclusion: High-voltage electrocution injury is a serious type of accident with the potential risk of multi-organ damage and death. Early diagnosis of electrocution and immediate management enhances the expectancy of complete recovery.

Surfactant modified ZnO-Bi2O3 nanocomposite for degradation of lambda- cyhalothrin pesticide in visible light: A study of reaction kinetics and intermediates.

Coupling of semiconductor photocatalyst attracted more attention in the area of heterogeneous photocatalytic process. Herein we developed a low-cost visible light responsive coupled ZnO-Bi2O3 semiconductor with a molar ratio of 1:4, 1:2, and 3:4 by facile one-step hydrothermal method using a surfactant. The influences of Bi2O3 content on coupled catalyst were investigated. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance (UV-DRS). Photocatalytic performance of ZnO-Bi2O3 was investigated using Lambda-Cyhalothrin (L-CHT), a pyrethroid pesticide that is harmful to human beings and animals under visible light irradiation. Kinetic study of the degradation of L-CHT reveals that there is a shift in the reaction order from first-order to second-order. The photocatalytic degradation of L-CHT using ZnO-Bi2O3 is found to be more efficient since the separation of photogenerated holes and electrons are improved by coupling of ZnO with Bi2O3. When compared to bare ZnO the degradation percentage of 85.7% was achieved within 120 min of the photocatalytic process using the catalyst dosage of 1.2 gm/L in 50 mg/L of L-CHT solution with formation of Phthalic acid, butyl 2-ethyl butyl ester and Diethyl phthalate as intermediates. No other hazardous intermediates are formed and a scheme for photodegradation pathway was proposed.