Incidência e localizações das lesões atribuídas à participação no treinamento funcional de alta intensidade / Incidencia y localización de lesiones atribuídas a la práctica de entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad / Incidence and locations of injuries attributed to participation in high-intensity functional training

OBJETIVO: Verificar a incidência e as localizações das lesões atribuídas à participação no treinamento funcional de alta intensidade. MÉTODO: 189 sujeitos de ambos os sexos inseridos em dois centros de treinamento participaram deste estudo retrospectivo. Como instrumento de coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário contendo perguntas subjetivas e de múltipla escolha. A proposta do questionário foi examinar a localização, o número de lesões e os possíveis fatores de risco para lesão em praticantes/atletas de treinamento funcional de alta intensidade. RESULTADOS: Foi identificada uma incidência de 6.1 lesões por 1000 horas de treinamento. Os segmentos corporais com maior frequência de lesão foram o ombro (35.4%), lombar (20.3%), joelho (12.7%) e punho (8.9%). Além disso, as principais causas de lesões identificadas em nosso estudo foram técnicas de execução incorreta (34.2%), esforço repetitivo (29.1%) e elevadas cargas (17.7%). CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados fornecem dados relevantes para a compreensão da etiologia das lesões em praticantes de treinamento funcional de alta intensidade. Desta forma, é possível que profissionais envolvidos em treinamento funcional de alta intensidade monitorem as respostas do treinamento e atuem na prevenção de lesões durante o programa de condicionamento

OBJETIVO: Verificar la incidencia y localización de las lesiones atribuidas a la participación en entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad. MÉTODOS: 189 sujetos de ambos sexos pertenecientes a dos centros de entrenamiento participaron en este estudio retrospectivo. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario que contenía preguntas subjetivas y de múltiple elección. El objetivo del cuestionario fue examinar la localización, gravedad, número de lesiones y los posibles factores de riesgo de lesión en practicantes/atletas de entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad. RESULTADOS: Se identificó una incidencia de 6.1 lesiones por 1000 horas de entrenamiento. Los segmentos corporales con mayor frecuencia de lesión fueron el hombro (35.4%), región lumbar (20.3%), rodilla (12.7%) y muñeca (8.9%). Además, las principales causas de lesión identificadas en nuestro estudio fueron la técnica de ejecución incorrecta (34.2%), el esfuerzo repetitivo (29.1%) y lãs elevadas cargas (17.7%). CONCLUSIÓN: Estos resultados proporcionan datos relevantes para la comprensión de la etiología de las lesiones en los practicantes de entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad. De esta forma, es posible que profesionales involucrados en entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad monitoreen las respuestas al entrenamiento y actúen en la prevención de lesiones durante el programa de acondicionamiento

OBJECTIVE: To verify the incidence and locations of injuries attributed to participation in high-intensity functional training. METHODS: 189 subjects of both sexes enrolled in two training centers participated in this retrospective study. As a data collect instrument, a questionnaire containing subjective and multiple choices questions was used. The purpose of the questionnaire was to examine the location, severity, number of injuries and possible risk factors for injury to high-intensity functional training practitioners/athletes. RESULTS: An incidence of 6.1 injuries per 1000 hours of training was identified. The body segments with the highest frequency of injury were shoulder (35.4%), lumbar (20.3%), knee (12.7%) and wrist (8.9%). In addition, the main causes of injury identified in our study were incorrect execution techniques (34.2%), repetitive effort (29.1%) and high loads (17.7%). CONCLUSION: These results provide relevant data for the understanding of the etiology of the injury in high-intensity functional training practitioners/athletes. Thereby, it is possible for professionals involved in high-intensity functional training to monitor training responses and to act on injury prevention during the conditioning program

Relação da força muscular com o desempenho no levantamento olímpico em praticantes de CrossFit(R) / Relación de la fuerza muscular con el rendimiento en levantamiento de peso olímpico en praticantes de CrossFit(R) / Correlation of muscle strength with weightlifting performance in CrossFit(R) practitioners

Objetivos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar e relacionar a força muscular do back squat e front squat com o desempenho nos movimentos de levantamento olímpico snatch e clean em praticantes de CrossFit(R). Método. Participaram deste estudo 22 adultos, que foram divididos de acordo com o desempenho nos movimentos de snatch e clean: fortes (29.6±4.4 anos; 80.95±9.57kg; 12.2±5.8% de gordura; 2.4±0.9 experiência de treinamento) e fracos (28.5±5.4 anos; 79.4±6.8kg; 13.6±3.5% de gordura; 2.0±1.1 experiência de treinamento). Todos os voluntários realizaram em dias separados os testes de uma repetição máxima nos exercícios: back squat, front squat, snatch e clean. Resultados. Os voluntários classificados com o melhor desempenho no snatch e clean apresentaram maior força no back squat (154.9±20.3kg vs. 132.7±11.6kg; p=0.009) e no front squat (139.0±14.5kg vs. 116.8±11.3kg; p=0.002), quando comparados aos voluntários mais fracos. Além disso, foram observadas correlações fortes entre a força relativa do back squat (r=0.83; r=0.76; p=0.001) e do front squat (r=0.73; r=0.83; p=0.001) com a performance nos exercícios snatch e clean, respectivamente. Conclusões. Portanto, uma força superior em exercícios básicos, como o back squat e o front squat, podem contribuir para o desempenho do levantamento olímpico em praticantes de CrossFit(R)

Objetivo. El propósito del presente estudio fue analizar y relacionar la fuerza muscular de la sentadilla por delante y por detrás con el rendimiento en los movimientos de halterofilia de arranque y de cargada en practicantes de CrossFit(R). Método. Participaron en este estudio 22 adultos que fueron divididos de acuerdo con el rendimiento en los movimientos de arranque y cargada: fuertes (29.6±4.4 años; 80.95±9.57kg; 12.2±5.8% de grasa corporal; 2.4±0.9 experiencia de entrenamiento) y débiles (28.5±5.4 años; 79.4±6.8kg; 13.6±3.5% de grasa corporal; 2.0±1.1 experiencia de entrenamiento). Todos los voluntarios realizaron, en días diferentes, los test de una repetición máxima en los ejercicios: sentadilla por detrás, sentadilla por delante, arranque y cargada. Resultados. Los voluntarios clasificados con el mejor rendimiento en el arranque y en la cargada presentaron mayor fuerza en la sentadilla por detrás (154.9±20.3kg vs. 132.7±11.6kg; p=0.009) y en la sentadilla por delante (139.0±14.5kg vs. 116.8±11.3kg; p=0.002) cuando fueron comparados con los voluntarios más débiles. Además, se observaron correlaciones fuertes entre la fuerza relativa de la sentadilla por detrás (r=0.83; r=0.76; p=0.001) y la sentadilla por delante (r=0.73; r=0.83; p=0.001) con el rendimiento en los ejercicios de arranque y cargada, respectivamente. Conclusión. Por tanto, una mayor fuerza en ejercicios básicos, como la sentadilla por detrás y por delante, pueden contribuir para el rendimiento de los ejercicios olímpicos en practicantes de CrossFit(R)

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to analyze and correlate muscle strength of the back and front squat with performance in the movements of weightlifting snatch and the clean in CrossFit(R) practitioners. Method. Twenty‐two adults participated in this study and were divided according to their performance in the snatch and clean movements: stronger (29.6±4.4 years; 80.95±9.57kg; 12.2±5.8% body fat; 2.4±0.9 training experience) and weaker (28.5±5.4 years; 79.4±6.8kg; 13.6±3.5% body fat; 2.0±1.1 training experience). All volunteers completed one‐repetition maximum tests, in separate days, in the following exercises: back squat, front squat, snatch and the first phase of the clean. Results. The volunteers classified with a superior performance in the snatch and clean presented a higher strength in the back squat (154.9±20.3kg vs 132.7±11.6kg; p=0.009) and front squat (139.0±14.5kg vs 116.8±11.3kg; p=0.002) as compared with the weaker volunteers. Additionally, there were strong correlations between relative strength in the back squat (r=0.83; r=0.76; p=0.001) and front squat (r=0.73; r=0.83; p=0.001) with the performance in the snatch and clean exercises, respectively. Conclusions. Therefore, a superior strength in basic exercises, such as back and front squat can contribute to weightlifting performance in CrossFit(R) practitioners

Effects of aerobic and resistance training of long duration on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rats / Efectos de entrenamientos aeróbico y de resistencia de larga duración acerca de citocinas pro y antiinflamatorias en ratas / Efeitos do treinamento aeróbico e de resistência na longa duração sobre as citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias de ratos

Objective. To determine possible changes in serum concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of eutrophic rats subjected to aerobic or resistance physical training. Methods. This study examined serum concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1-β in rats that performed aerobic or resistance training for 16 weeks. Thirty-five Wistar rats (male adult) were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG), Aerobic Group (AG) and Resistance Group (RG). Rats were sacrificed 48h after the final training session. Serum concentrations of cytokines were analysed by ELISA. Results. TNF-α levels were higher in the RG, followed by the AG and CG groups (p<0.001). IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were not significantly different between groups (p=0.097 and p=0.17, respectively). The levels of IL6 and IL1-β were higher in AG compared to RG and CG (p=0.0004 and p=0.003, respectively). In general, our results indicate a higher pro-inflammatory profile in AG and probably RG animals. Conclusion. Further studies are required in order to better clarify the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, future studies should address the metabolic and molecular pathways involved in these responses (AU)

Objetivo. Determinar posibles cambios en las concentraciones séricas de citoquinas pro y antiinflamatorias de ratas eutróficas sometidas a entrenamiento físico aérobico y de resistencia. Método. Se examinaron las concentraciones séricas de TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-1-β en ratas sometidas a entrenamiento aeróbico o de resistencia de 16 semanas de duración. Treinta y cinco ratas Wistar (macho adulto) fueron divididas en 3 grupos: Grupo Control (GC), Grupo Aeróbico (GA) y Grupo Resistencia (GR). Las ratas se sacrificaron 48 horas después de la sesión de entrenamiento final. Las concentraciones séricas de las citoquinas se analizaron por ELISA. Resultados. Los niveles de TNF-α fueron mayores en el GR, seguido por los grupos de GA y GC (p<0.001). Los niveles de IFN-γ e IL-10 no fueron significativamente diferentes entre los grupos (p=0.097 y p=0.17, respectivamente). Los niveles de IL-6 y IL-1-β fueron mayores en GA comparado con GR y GC (p=0.0004 y p=0.003, respectivamente). En general, nuestros resultados indican mayor perfil antiinflamatorio en GA y probablemente en GR. Conclusión. Se necesitan estudios adicionales para aclarar mejor los efectos de un entrenamiento aeróbico o de resistencia en las citoquinas pro y antiinflamatorias. Además, los estudios futuros deben abordar las vías metabólicas y moleculares involucradas en estas respuestas (AU)

Objetivo. Determinar as possíveis alterações nas concentrações séricas de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias de ratos eutróficos submetidos a treinamento físico aeróbio ou resistência. Método. Este estudo examinou a concentração sérica de TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-1-β em ratos que realizaram treinamento aeróbio e de resistência durante 16 semanas. Trinta e cinco ratos Wistar (macho adulto) foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo controle (GC), grupo aeróbico (GA) e grupo de resistência (GR). Os ratos foram sacrificados 48 horas após a sessão de treino final. As concentrações séricas de citocinas foram analisadas por ELISA. Resultados. Os níveis de TNF-a foram maiores no GR, seguindo-se os grupos GA e GC (p<0.001). IFN-γ e os níveis de IL-10 não foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (p=0.097 e p = 0.17, respectivamente). Os níveis de IL-6 e IL-1-β foram maiores em GA, quando comparados com GC e GR (p=0.0004 e p=0.003, respectivamente). Em geral, os nossos resultados indicam um perfil pró-inflamatório maior nos animais do GA e, provavelmente, no GR. Conclusão. Mais estudos são necessários para melhor esclarecer os efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbico e resistência sobre as citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias. Além disso, estudos futuros devem abordar as vias metabólicas e moleculares envolvidas nestas respostas (AU)

Irisin Levels Are not Associated to Resistance Training-Induced Alterations in Body Mass Composition in Older Untrained Women with and without Obesity.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine whether Irisin levels are correlated with body composition changes following 16 weeks of resistance training (RT) in older women with and without obesity. Design, Setting, Participants, Intervention: We recruited 49 inactive women (n = 23, non-obese: < 41.0% and n = 26, obese: ≥ 41.0% of body fat) aged 61-68 years to perform 16-week of RT consisting of 10 exercises (three sets of 10 exercises, 6-12 repetitions maximum and 1-min and 30-s rest intervals between sets and exercises, respectively) with two sessions per week. MEASUREMENTS: Before and after the intervention period, blood samples were collected to determine Irisin levels and body composition (percentage body fat and fat-free mass) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Circulating Irisin displayed a decrease for the non-obese group as compared with pre-intervention and obese group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively), with no change for the obese group (p = 0.79). In addition, fat mass displayed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) following the training period only for the obese group. Furthermore, there was no association between changes in circulating Irisin with body mass index, body fat, fat-free mass and muscle strength. There was an increase in muscle strength (p < 0.05), regardless of obesity status. CONCLUSION: The modulation of body composition and muscle strength induced by 16-week of resistance training in older women with and without obesity is not associated with changes in circulating Irisin levels.

Inter- and Intra-Individual Analysis of Post-Exercise Hypotension Following a Single Bout of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Continuous Exercise: A Pilot Study.

Recently, post-exercise blood pressure (BP) has been considered a predictive tool to identify individuals who are responsive or not to BP reductions with exercise training (i. e., "high" and "low responders"). This study aimed to analyze the inter- and intra-individual BP responsiveness following a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and continuous exercise (CE) in normotensive men (n=14; 24.5±4.2 years). Mean change in BP during the 60 min period post-exercise was analyzed and minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated to classify the subjects as "low" (no post-exercise hypotension [PEH]) and "high responders" (PEH occurrence) following each exercise protocol (inter-individual analysis). The MDC for systolic and diastolic BP was 5.8 and 7.0 mmHg. In addition, a difference equal/higher than MDC between the exercise protocols was used to define an occurrence of intra-individual variability in BP responsiveness. There were "low" and "high" PEH responders following both exercise protocols (inter-individual variability) as well as subjects who presented higher PEH following a specific exercise protocol (intra-individual variability between exercise protocols). These results were observed mainly for systolic BP. In summary, PEH is a heterogeneous physiological phenomenon and, for some subjects, seems to be exercise-protocol dependent. Further investigations are necessary to confirm our preliminary findings.

Similar hypotensive responses to resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction.

Low intensity resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) has gained attention in the literature due to the beneficial effects on functional and morphological variables, similar to those observed during traditional RE without BFR, while the effects of BFR on post-exercise hypotension remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the blood pressure (BP) response of trained normotensive individuals to RE with and without BFR. In this cross-over randomized trial, eight male subjects (23.8 ± 4 years, 74 ± 3 kg, 174 ± 4 cm) completed two exercise protocols: traditional RE (3 x 10 repetitions at 70% one-repetition maximum [1-RM]) and low intensity RE (3 x 15 repetitions at 20% 1-RM) with BFR. Blood pressure measurements were performed after 15 min of seated rest (0), immediately after and 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min and 60 min after the experimental sessions. Similar hypotensive effects for systolic BP (SBP) were observed for both protocols (P < 0.05) after exercise, with no differences between groups (P > 0.05) and no statistically significant difference for diastolic BP (P > 0.05). These results suggest that in normotensive trained individuals, both traditional RE and RE with BFR induce hypotension for SBP, which is important to prevent cardiovascular disturbances.

Correlation between acute and chronic 24-hour blood pressure response to resistance training in adult women.

The purpose of the present study was to correlate the acute and chronic decrease in blood pressure (BP) following resistance training (RT). 13 normotensive women (18-49 years) completed an acute whole body RT session with 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% 1RM and then 8 weeks of RT as follows: 3/week, 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions maximum. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured up to 60 min and 24 h following RT (acute and chronic). The greatest acute decrease of SBP (108.5±7.0 mmHg) and DBP (71.5±6.4 mmHg) values over the 60-min period were reduced compared to pre-exercise (117.3±11.7 and 79.3±8.2 mmHg, respectively; p<0.05). The chronic effect on resting BP was observed only for those presenting acute post-exercise hypotension (PEH). The change in both SBP and DBP following acute RT was correlated with the chronic change in resting SBP and DBP (r>0.5; p≤0.05). The change in 24 h BP after acute RT was correlated with the chronic reduction in SBP (r=0.74) and DBP (r=0.80). The magnitude of PEH is a promising candidate for the prediction of individual BP-related training efficacy.

Increased lactate threshold after five weeks of treadmill aerobic training in rats.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the lactate threshold (LT) changes in rats submitted to an aerobic treadmill-training programme. Twenty-five Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a sedentary control group (CG), and a trained group (TG) submitted to an aerobic training during 5 weeks. All the animals were submitted to an incremental treadmill exercise test in order to determine LT. There was an increase in the maximum running speed in the TG (from 32.25 ± 1.27 to 47.75 ± 3.13 m.min-1 - p = 0.001), and running speed at LT (from 26.21 ± 1.15 to 35.30 ± 2.24 m.min-1 - p = 0.004), a part from the reduction in blood lactate at LT. LT can be determined in rats, and aerobic training induced positive oxidative physiological adaptations in the animals.

The acute response of apoptosis and migration to resistance exercise is protocol-dependent.

The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of resistance exercise (RE) designed for hypertrophy or local muscle endurance (LME) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell apoptosis and migration. 14 untrained subjects (age 20.5±0.8 years, body mass 70.0±12.8 kg, body mass index 24.0±3.2 kg/m(2)), women (N=11) and men (N=3) completed 2 RE sessions (3 sets of 9 exercises) designed for hypertrophy at 10 repetitions maximum (RM) and LME at 60% of 10RM with 1-min rest-intervals between sets and exercises. The investigated lymphocytes were: CD4+, CD4+/CD69RA+, CD8+ and CD8+/CD69RA+ with cell surface markers annexin V and CX3CR1 analyzed by flow cytometry. Percentage of CD4+ positive for annexin V+ were higher immediately following and 24 h after the hypertrophy protocol as compared with LME, while CD4+ positive for CX3CR1 were higher immediately after and lower at the 24 h time point after LME as compared with the hypertrophy session. CD8+ lymphocytes responded similarly to the hypertrophy and LME protocols with elevations in both cellular migration and cell death immediately following and 24 h after the bouts (p≤0.05). Considering that the acute response of CD4+ lymphocytes to RE is protocol-dependent, a gradual adaptation to a hypertrophy program could minimize the effect on CD4+ lymphocytes and reduce the potential susceptibility to antigens during this timeframe. This would also be interesting for a RE program designed for LME based on the observed CD8+ lymphocyte response.

Effects of long-term periodized resistance training on body composition, leptin, resistin and muscle strength in elderly post-menopausal women.

AIM: Objective of the study was to determine the effects of a periodized resistance training program on body composition, plasmatic levels of leptin and resistin, and muscle strength in elderly post-menopausal women. METHODS: Twenty-three post-menopausal women (age= 63.02±4.42 years; height 1.55±0.06 m; body mass 67.56±2.26 kg) were submitted to 12 months of periodized resistance training twice a week. The training program consisted of 3 sets of 6-14 repetitions maximal (RM). Body composition (DXA), muscle strength (bench press, leg press 45º and arm curl), plasmatic levels of resistin and leptin (ELISA method) were assessed before and after the training program. Paired Student's t test was used for comparison between pre- and post-training values. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in muscle strength and lean body mass; decrease in body mass, body fat percentage and fat mass after 12 months of resistance training, a part from the decrease in leptin and resistin levels. CONCLUSION: Long-term periodized resistance training prevents aging sarcopenia, decreases body fat and systemic markers of inflammation in postmenopausal elderly women.

Acute effects of resistance exercise on 24-h blood pressure in middle aged overweight and obese women.

This investigation was designed to evaluate responses of blood pressure (BP) following an acute resistance exercise (RE) session. Middle-aged women (N=13) who were classified as overweight (N=8) or obese (N=5) according to body mass index (BMI) participated in the investigation. Participants were randomly submitted to a control session (30-min seated rest) and a exercise session (3 sets, 10 repetitions at 60% 1RM of exercises for the upper and lower body) with systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) obtained at rest and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60-min following exercise, and through 24 h. Acute RE decreased SBP at 10, 30, and 40-min compared with pre-exercise and control (P<0.05). DBP decreased at 10 and 40-min post-exercise compared with the control trial (P<0.05). Both SBP and DBP decreased in the nighttime period (-4.2 mmHg and -4.1 mmHg, respectively) and in the overall 24 h period (-3.6 mmHg and -4.5 mmHg, respectively) following the acute RE session when compared with the control trial. These findings indicate important benefits of acute RE on BP circadian rhythm, particularly at night as well as in the morning, which are critical periods associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events.

Exercise intensity and lymphocyte subset apoptosis.

This investigation assessed the lymphocyte subset response to increasing intensity. Participants completed an exertion test (VO(2max)), and later performed a 10-min run at 76% VO(2max), 5-min at 87%, and run to exhaustion at 100% intensity. Blood was sampled at rest, following each intensity, and 1-h post. Cell concentration, apoptosis (annexin V) and migration (CX3CR1) were evaluated in CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ subsets. Relative data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with significance at P≤0.05. Absolute changes from rest (Δ baseline) were calculated for exercise conditions. CX3CR1 displayed relative changes 1-h post, (CD8+ Pre=58%, Post=68%, 1 h-Post=37%, P=0.04) (CD19+ Pre=1.9%, Post=3.2%, 1 h-Post=5.2%, P=0.02). No relative changes were noted for subsets and annexin V. Absolute changes revealed that CD4+/annexin V+ and CD8+/annexin V+ significantly increased at 76%,(P<0.01). Significant absolute increases were observed in CD4+/CX3CR1 at 87% VO2max, and at 87% and 100% VO2max in CD8+/CX3CR1 (P<0.01). Subsets respond differently with intensity with respect to cell count, and markers of apoptosis and cell migration. CD4+ and CD8+ appear to be prone to apoptosis with moderate exercise, but significant increases in migration at higher intensities suggests movement of these cells from the vasculature in postexercise measurements.

Acute resistance training affects cell surface markers for apoptosis and migration in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of resistance training (RT) on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes apoptosis (annexin V⁺) and migration (CX3CR1). Twelve subjects performed two RT sessions (3 sets of 9 exercises) with 1 min (Hyper-1) and 3 min (Hyper-3) of rest-interval length between sets and exercises. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells count displayed no change following Hyper-1 and Hyper-3. There was an increase in the percentage of CD4⁺ positive for annexin V⁺ and CX3CR1⁺ immediately after and 24 h post Hyper-1. Percentage of CD4⁺ positive for annexin V⁺ increased 2 and 24 h post Hyper-3, and decreased after CXCR1⁺ for the same time-points. There was an increase in CD8⁺ positive for annexin V⁺ and CX3CR1⁺ immediately after, 2 and 24 h post Hyper-1 and Hyper-3, while no differences were found between Hyper-1 and Hyper-3. Acute RT increase the apoptosis and migration of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes even 24h after exercise, with minimal effects of rest-interval length.

Linear and daily undulating resistance training periodizations have differential beneficial effects in young sedentary women.

The aim of this randomized controlled study was to verify the impact of a 12-weeks muscular endurance (ME) training of high repetitions (i. e., 15-30) with 2 different periodization models on body composition, maximal strength, muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness. Twenty eight sedentary women aged 20-35 years were randomly assigned to: control (CON) (n=8), linear periodization (LP) (n=10) and daily undulating periodization (DUP) (n=10). LP and DUP models significantly improved body composition, maximal strength and ME. However, no significant changes were detected for cardiorespiratory fitness. LP showed a higher body fat loss (- 12.73%) compared to DUP (- 9.93%) (p=0.049), and systematically higher effect sizes (ES) when compared with DUP for maximal strength and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters (e. g. ES=0.53 for ventilatory threshold). In contrast, DUP exhibited a significantly (p=0.002) greater ME gain (129.43%) compared to LP (70.72%) in bench press, and greater ES in all exercises. It may be suggested that LP performed with a high number of repetitions may be considered an appropriate periodization model for untrained young women that would likely lead to the improvement of body composition and maximum strength performance, whereas DUP is more effective for the development of ME.

Resistance training and glycogen content in ovariectomized rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on glycogen content and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in ovariectomized rats. Wistar rats were divided into: sedentary; ovariectomized sedentary; resistance trained; and ovariectomized resistance trained. In the 12-week resistance training, the animals climbed a 1.1 m vertical ladder, 3 days per week, with 4-8 climbs. Cardiac, liver and muscle glycogen content was determined. After the 12-week resistance training period there was a higher hepatic and muscle glycogen content in the resistance training group compared with the other groups (p<0.01). CSA was higher in soleus for the resistance trained, ovariectomized resistance trained and sedentary compared with ovariectomized sedentary (p<0.05). Ovariectomy attenuated the increase in liver and muscle glycogen content, while soleus muscle cross-sectional area increased with resistance training, even in ovariectomized rats. Resistance training could be an important exercise to increase muscle function in situations of reduced estrogen and progesterone.

Haemophilia and exercise.

One of the most important objectives of intervention programs for persons with haemophilia (PWH) is to improve their quality of life. Regular physical activity has been recommended as an adjunct to conventional treatment, with positive results in the prevention of joint problems and bleeding, in addition to the improvement in cardiovascular function, muscle strength, and body composition. The objective of the present review was to present the benefits of aerobic and resistance training programs in PWH, as well to discuss the best exercise dose-response in the different levels of disease severity. We considered randomized controlled trials, study cases and literature reviews from MEDLINE and Highwire databases. After a detailed analysis of the studies involving exercise for PWH, it can be concluded that this intervention elicits some benefits for physical fitness and blood coagulation mechanisms, suggesting the application of physical training as a non pharmacological treatment in association with conventional treatment. Adequate and periodized resistance training considering the disease severity, accompanied by physical education professionals could improve muscle strength, balance and proprioception. In addition, aerobic training could reduce the risks of obesity and several metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Exercise can improve several outcomes of quality in PWH.