Polyfunctional donor-reactive T cells are associated with acute T-cell-mediated rejection of the kidney transplant.

Acute T-cell-mediated rejection (aTCMR) still remains a clinical problem after kidney transplantation despite significant improvements in immunosuppressive regimens. Polyfunctional T cells, i.e. T cells producing multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, are believed to be the most relevant T cells in an immune response. The aim of this study was to determine whether polyfunctional donor-reactive T cells are associated with aTCMR. In a case-control study, 49 kidney transplant recipients with a biopsy-proven aTCMR in the first year after transplantation were included, as well as 51 controls without aTCMR. Circulating donor-reactive T cells were identified by the expression of CD137 after short-term co-culture with donor antigen-presenting cells. Polyfunctional donor-reactive T cells were further characterized by dissection into different T-cell subsets encompassing the spectrum of naïve to terminally differentiated effector T cells. Prior to kidney transplantation, proportions of donor-reactive CD4+ (0.03% versus 0.02%; P < 0.01) and CD8+ (0.18% versus 0.10%; P < 0.01) CD137++ T cells were significantly higher in recipients with a biopsy-proven aTCMR versus non-rejectors. Polyfunctionality was higher (P = 0.03) in this subset of CD137-expressing T cells. These cells were predominantly of the EM/EMRA-phenotype, with polyfunctional donor-reactive CD137++CD4+ T cells predominantly co-expressing CD28 whereas approximately half of the polyfunctional CD137++CD8+ T cells co-expressed CD28. In addition, at the time of aTCMR, polyfunctional donor-reactive CD137++ CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells, were specifically decreased by 75% compared to before transplantation in recipients with as well as those without an aTCMR. Prior to transplantation, the proportion of polyfunctional donor-reactive CD137++ T cells is associated with the occurrence of a biopsy-proven aTCMR within the first year after transplantation.

Progressive Loss of Donor-Reactive CD4+ Effector Memory T Cells due to Apoptosis Underlies Donor-Specific Hyporesponsiveness in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients.

Following kidney transplantation, donor-specific hyporesponsiveness (DSH) may develop, defined as a lowered response of alloreactive T cells, specifically directed to donor Ag. This study aimed to characterize the nature of DSH through multiparameter flow cytometric assays measuring changes in phenotype and function of donor-reactive T cells after transplantation. This study characterized donor-reactive T cells, identified by CD137 expression, from the peripheral blood of stable human kidney transplant recipients (n = 47) before, at 3-5 y after, and >5 y after transplantation. The phenotype (T cell subset, differentiation status, and transcription factor expression) and function (proinflammatory cytokine production) of CD4+ and CD8+ donor-reactive CD137+ T cells was evaluated by both supervised and unsupervised analyses. Results demonstrated a decline in CD4+ donor-reactive T cells within the first 3-5 y after transplantation. Predominantly, the population of effector memory T cells capable of producing two or more proinflammatory cytokines was affected. This decline was strongly correlated with reduced proliferation of CD4+ T cells to donor Ag. The donor-reactive CD8+ T cells declined substantially only after >10 y. The frequency of T cells reactive to unrelated alloantigens did not alter significantly after transplantation, excluding an aspecific effect of immunosuppressive medication. After transplantation, an increase in donor Ag-induced apoptosis was found, specifically within the donor-reactive CD4+ memory T cell subsets. In conclusion, a significant decrease in donor-reactive polyfunctional effector memory CD4+ T cells underlies the development of DSH in kidney transplant recipients, which is likely mediated by specific activation-induced cell death.

A Novel Technique for the Generation of Substantial Numbers of Functional Resident T Cells from Kidney Tissue.

Studying functionality and antigen-specificity of resident kidney T cells derived from a kidney biopsy is hampered by the lack of sufficient numbers of T cells obtained by the standard method of enzymatic tissue dissociation. Enzymatic dissociation of kidney tissue was compared to a novel method of whole kidney tissue culture allowing T cells to migrate into the medium in the presence of exogenous IL-2 and IL-15. T cell numbers were quantified and phenotype of resident T cells (CD69+CD103+/−), TCR Vß repertoire and functional characteristics were analyzed with multi-parameter flow cytometry. Renal tissue culture for four weeks in the presence of exogenous IL-2 and IL-15 yielded significantly higher numbers of T cells (1.3 × 104/mm3) when compared to cultures without exogenous cytokines (71/mm3) or direct isolation by enzymatic dissociation (662/mm3 T cells, p < 0.05). The proportion of T cells with a resident phenotype did not change in the tissue culture; percentages amounted to 87.2% and 85.1%, respectively. In addition, frequencies of CD4+, CD8+, CD4−CD8−, T cells and MAIT T cells remained similar. For both CD4+ and CD8+, T cells had a more differentiated memory phenotype after tissue culture, but the distribution of TCR Vß families did not change. In addition, the predominant Th1 cytokine secretion profile and poly-functionality of resident kidney T cell remained intact. T cell proliferation potential was not affected, excluding exhaustion and enrichment of BKV- and CMV-reactive resident T cells was observed. In conclusion, the kidney tissue culture method yields significantly increased numbers of resident T cells without major effects on composition and functionality.