Toxicology in Australia: a key component of environmental health.

Managing public concerns relating to chemical exposures can consume substantial public health resources, particularly as the scientific basis around these issues is often contentious. Toxicology remains underrecognized as a public health discipline in Australia, although Australian toxicologists are making significant contributions from academia, government, and the commercial sector toward assessing the level of risk and protecting the community from environmental hazards. Internationally, the growth of environmental toxicology and the promotion of sound science in risk assessment as a basis for making regulatory decisions have been, to some extent, driven by the outcomes of the 1992 UNCED Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio Summit) and its Chapter 19 Agenda 21 activities. The promotion of safe chemical management practices and the need for global strengthening of capabilities in toxicology are among the initiatives of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), which was formed after the Rio Summit to manage these programs. This article describes some of the initiatives in capacity building that marked the development of environmental toxicology in Australia since 1992 in response to these international environmental health initiatives.

Nanotechnology: a promising new technology--but how safe?

Nanomaterials--a wide variety of materials with a diameter of less than 100 nm--have unique properties. Nanotechnology is being promoted as the technology that will drive the next industrial revolution. Nanomaterials may have unique biological activities, but little research has been undertaken to investigate their potential effects on human health and the environment. Many seminal reports have identified gaps in our knowledge, and a large multidisciplinary effort will be required to undertake the necessary research to assist the framing of regulatory models to deal with any novel risks.