Necesidades de Intervención en Prisión con Internos con Pedofilia / Intervention Needs in Prison With Pedophile Inmates

En prisión existen programas específicos de tratamiento para condenados por agresión sexual a menores; sin embargo, quienes además tienen pedofilia, requieren una atención específica. El objetivo del presente estudio es doble: primero, ofrecer una propuesta de intervención específica para pedofilia en el entorno penitenciario basada en la evidencia científica disponible y complementaria al Programa de Control de la Agresión Sexual y después, justificar dicha propuesta a través del caso de un interno con pedofilia. En concreto, proponemos una intervención individual y centrada en personas con pedofilia; trabajando la baja autoestima, evaluando la ideación suicida y reestructurando las distorsiones cognitivas con menores, facilitando la creación de relaciones personales funcionales con adultos, evaluando la polivictimización pasada y su posible influencia sobre la conducta sexual posterior, proporcionar a los internos psicoeducación sobre pedofilia; atender de forma específica las fantasías sexuales con menores, evitando las conductas disexuales y la eliminación del consumo de material abusivo.(AU)

There are specific treatment programs in prisons for those convicted of sexually assaulting minors; however, those who also have pedophilia require specific attention. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to offer a specific intervention proposal for pedophilia in the prison setting based on the available scientific evidence, and complementary to the Sexual Assault Control Program, and second, to justify this proposal through the case of an inmate with pedophilia. Specifically, we propose an individual intervention focused on people with pedophilia; working on low self-esteem, assessing suicidal ideation and restructuring cognitive distortions with minors, facilitating the creation of functional personal relationships with adults, assessing past polyvictimization and its possible influence on subsequent sexual behavior, providing inmates with psychoeducation on pedophilia; specifically addressing sexual fantasies with minors, avoiding dyssexual behavior, and eliminating the consumption of abusive material.(AU)

Sobre la posibilidad de perdón en el abuso sexual infantil / On the possibility of forgiveness in child sexual abuse

La conveniencia o no de plantear a las víctimas la posibilidad de trabajar sobre el perdón como forma de superar el dolor de la experiencia vivida y sus consecuencias es una cuestión controvertida. Las dinámicas de presión hacia el perdón hacen más probable la revictimización y transmiten tanto culpa como un mensaje de minimización de su dolor. Un perdón mal entendido puede debilitar aún más la capacidad de protegerse de la víctima, hacerla más vulnerable y facilitar la prolongación del abuso. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las condiciones para que el perdón sea una herramienta psicológica al servicio de la salud mental de las víctimas. El perdón es un concepto complejo, con múltiples dimensiones y posibilidades, y puede ofrecer a las víctimas un valioso recurso para superar su dolor, aunque no es esencial para el proceso de sanación de una víctima.(AU)

Whether or not it is appropriate to offer victims the possibility of working on forgiveness to overcome the pain of the lived experience and its consequences is a controversial issue. The pressure to forgive makes revictimization more likely and transmits guilt and a message of minimizing the victims’ pain. A misunderstanding of forgiveness can further weaken the victim's ability to protect him- or herself, make him or her more vulnerable, and make it easier for the abuse to continue. This paper aims to review the conditions for forgiveness to be a psychological tool for the mental health of the victims. Forgiveness is a complex concept with multiple dimensions and possibilities, and it can offer victims a valuable resource for overcoming their pain. However, it is not essential to the victim's healing process.(AU)

Dimensions of good palliative nursing care: Expert panel consensus and perceptions of palliative professionals.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyse the dimensions of quality of palliative nursing care and to explore the perceptions of professionals for the development and validation of the Palliative Nursing Care Quality Scale. BACKGROUND: The study of palliative nursing care quality has been approached from analysis of the competencies of palliative care nurses, based on various theoretical models. However, there are fewer qualitative empirical studies that have evaluated what good palliative nursing care is and what its dimensions are. DESIGN: Mixed-method, Delphi approach and exploratory qualitative study. METHODS: Consensus by a panel of experts using the Delphi technique and semi-structured interviews. The study was reported in a comprehensive manner following COREQ criteria. Data collection took place between January and June 2018. RESULTS: The eight-person expert panel reached consensus on the following dimensions of the Palliative Nursing Care Quality Scale: control and relief of symptoms, family and/or primary caregiver, therapeutic relationship, spiritual support and continuity of care. Thematic analysis of ten interviews identified four emergent themes related to good nursing care: (1) the patient and family as a whole; (2) finding meaning; (3) responsible communication; and (4) caring for the human element. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of palliative nursing care goes beyond providing comprehensive care; it means meticulously looking after every detail of what is important to the patient. The expectations of professionals are not as important. Instead, care should be based primarily on the needs and respect for the wishes of the patient and their family. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Specifying the quality of nursing care in routine practice and reaching a consensus on its dimensions means moving towards excellence in care, as well as improving the professional profile of advanced practice palliative care nurses. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Two primary caregivers participated in the panel of experts and the semi-structured interview.

Quality of palliative nursing care: Meaning, death anxiety, and the mediating role of well-being.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing concern regarding the quality of palliative nursing care. However, despite the growing number of studies identifying related variables, there is still a paucity of studies analyzing models of how these variables interrelate. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify the role played in the quality of palliative care of nursing professionals by the variables meaning and death anxiety and to investigate the mediating role of psychological well-being and engagement. METHOD: 176 palliative nursing professionals participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling using the snowball method. A simple mediation analysis and a multiple mediator model were performed in parallel, and data were collected using a paper and online questionnaire between January and May 2018. RESULTS: Well-being mediated the impact of meaning (indirect effect = 0.096, SE = 0.044, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.028, 0.213) and death anxiety (indirect effect = -0.032, SE = 0.013, 95% CI: -0.064, -0.010) on the quality of care. Engagement, on the other hand, only mediated the impact of meaning (indirect effect = 0.185, SE = 0.085, 95% CI: 0.035, 0.372), while the indirect effect of death anxiety with the quality of care through engagement was not statistically significant (indirect effect = 0.008, SE = 0.009, 95% CI: -0.004, 0.032). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Death anxiety is not directly related to the quality of care, but rather has an effect through psychological well-being, a variable acting as a mediator between the two. The effect of meaning on the quality of care is explained by the mediation of both engagement and psychological well-being, and its impact on the quality of care is thereby mediated by more variables than death anxiety.

Victim's Perspective of Forgiveness Seeking Behaviors After Transgressions.

Forgiveness seeking after a relational transgression is an important aspect of relational repair from an interpersonal perspective, although it has received much less attention than the process of granting forgiveness. This research focuses on the victim's perspective of the transgressor's behaviors and how they are related to forgiveness and offense characteristics. This paper proposes a multidimensional concept of seeking forgiveness that includes four dimensions: apologies, restorative action, relational caring behaviors, and diverting behaviors. A questionnaire for assessing these dimensions was developed and tested with a general population sample of 450 subjects. Participants recalled a specific offense and then answered a questionnaire about the perceived usefulness of different forgiveness-seeking behaviors, a forgiveness inventory, and several questions regarding the characteristics of the offense (severity, intentionality, and frequency). Our results support the four-factor structure of the questionnaire. As the perceived intentionality of the offense increases, behaviors that are directly related to the transgression, such as apologies and restorative actions, are experienced as less useful for forgiveness. The more hurtful the offense, the less useful the diverting behaviors are. Behavior such as apologies and restorative action are related to a lower (less) motivation for revenge, while all forgiveness-seeking behaviors are related to an increase in feelings of benevolence toward the offender.

Measuring Forgiveness: Psychometric Properties of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale in the Spanish Population.

Given the scarcity of instruments in Spanish to measure forgiveness, two studies were conducted in this population to obtain validity evidence of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), an instrument that measures dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. In the first study, 203 students (65% women) participated. After ensuring the linguistic adequacy and clarity of the wording of the items, a lack of congruence was found between the factors obtained in the exploratory factor analysis and the original theoretical structure of the HFS. A sample of 512 participants (63.9% women) attended the second study. This study aimed to analyze the construct validity of the HFS using confirmatory factor analysis through structural equation modelling and to explore convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Of the different factorial configurations tested (including the original), only a scale reduction to eight items, grouped into three factors, showed an appropriate fit. The HFS eight-item version also showed acceptable internal consistency, adequate convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion validity with respect to related variables. These findings suggest that the eight-item version of the HFS may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing forgiveness for self, others, and situations in Spanish adults.

Finding Meaning in Hell. The Role of Meaning, Religiosity and Spirituality in Posttraumatic Growth During the Coronavirus Crisis in Spain.

Coronavirus has blighted our world, hitting some countries harder than others. Morbidity and mortality rates make Madrid one of the worst affected places so far in the wake of the coronavirus. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of post-traumatic growth during the coronavirus crisis and to understand the contribution of meaning, religiosity, and spirituality to such growth; 1,492 people completed the questionnaire; N = 1,091 residents in Madrid were selected for the study. We assessed the personal experience of COVID-19, the Spirituality, Religiosity, Meaning trough Purpose in Life-10 test, and Posttraumatic Growth (Community Post-Traumatic Growth Scale). Results showed significant differences for all measures of growth, with higher values in women. Sex and direct impact of COVID-19 accounted for 4.4% of the variance of growth. The different dimensions of meaning contribute differently to growth. Only religiosity was associated with total growth when meaning was included in the model. This same pattern of results is obtained in models predicting interpersonal and social growth. However, in predicting personal growth, it is spirituality that predicts this type of growth once meaning has been previously controlled for, while religiosity fails to reach a statistically significant level. Our results reflect the interest in maintaining the distinction between spirituality and religiosity, their different roles in traumatic growth and the different dimensions on which each has an effect. Finally, it confirms the importance of meaning in post-traumatic growth, especially the dimension of life goals and purposes.

Good palliative nursing care: Design and validation of the palliative nursing care quality scale (PNCQS).

AIMS: Develop and psychometrically assess the Palliative Nursing Care Quality Scale (PNCQS, escala de Calidad del Cuidado Enfermero Paliativo, CCEP, in Spanish). An interview-based qualitative study (1) was conducted to verify construct validity evidence, with psychometric properties of reliability and validity verified by two quantitative studies (2 & 3). DESIGN: Quantitative instrumental, correlational, and cross-sectional study. METHODS: Study 1 was carried out with 10 key informants. For Study 2, a sample of 103 nursing professionals was obtained and 176 nurses from palliative care resources in Spain participated in Study 3. Data were collected between May 2017 - May 2018. RESULTS: Evidence of adequate reliability (internal consistency) and validity was found. The confirmatory factor model yielded a single latent factor for the 20 items, with adequate goodness-of-fit indices. The convergent validity data showed that the highest correlations were with the Dedication subscale of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and the Personal Growth subscale of Psychological Well-being, with values of 0.35 and 0.34, respectively (p < 0.01 in both cases). CONCLUSION: The scale shows good psychometric properties, with high internal consistency and evidence of internal and convergent validity. IMPACT: Proposing a valuable instrument which identifies good nursing in different areas of palliative care while also establishing quality indicators to guide nursing practice entails the recognition of autonomy in care. The resulting work tool can be used to systematize the assessment of nursing care in a process of open and continuous improvement.

Alcohol consumption in adolescents: the predictive role of drinking motives / Consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: el papel predictor de los motivos de consumo

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown differences in the motivational processes that lead to excessive alcohol consumption among adolescents. The paper focuses on the analysis of the reasons for alcohol consumption among minors, and compare the differences according to sex, age, and level of consumption. METHOD: A representative sample (N = 2,865) of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean age 14.24, dt = 1.33) was collected. The variables abuse, binge drinking and drinking motives were evaluated using a questionnaire designed ad hoc, which identified the Cooper's four categories of motives. RESULTS: The analyses (ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression) showed that there were no differences between young men and women regarding consumption or binge drinking. Minors who abused alcohol experience consumption as pleasurable in itself, as an important source of intrinsic reinforcement. Conformity predicted the problematic consumption of alcohol among boys and a decrease in the frequency of binge drinking among girls. In addition, the larger group showed more presence of enhancement and social motives. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that it would not be of interest to focus prevention on the negative consequences of consumption, but rather on the training of specific skills

ANTECEDENTES: varios estudios han mostrado diferencias en los procesos motivacionales que llevan al consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los motivos de consumo de alcohol en menores y sus diferencias según el género, la edad o el grado de consumo. MÉTODO: se recogió una muestra representativa (N = 2865) de adolescentes de 12 a 18 años (edad media 14,24, dt=1.33). Se evaluaron las variables consumo problemático, binge drinking y motivos de consumo mediante un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc, que identificaba las cuatro categorías de motivos de Cooper. RESULTADOS: los análisis (ANOVA, correlación de Pearson y regresión logística) mostraron que no hubo diferencias de género en consumo ni en binge drinking. Los menores que abusaban del alcohol informaron de más presencia de reforzadores de todo tipo, siendo el consumo una fuente importante de reforzamiento intrínseco. La conformidad predijo el consumo problemático del alcohol en varones y disminuyó la frecuencia del binge drinking en chicas; además, el grupo mayor mostró más presencia de los motivos de bienestar y sociales. CONCLUSIONES: el estudio sugiere que no sería de interés centrar la prevención en las consecuencias negativas del consumo, sino en el entrenamiento de habilidades concretas

Alcohol consumption in adolescents: The predictive role of drinking motives.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown differences in the motivational processes that lead to excessive alcohol consumption among adolescents. The paper focuses on the analysis of the reasons for alcohol consumption among minors, and compare the differences according to sex, age, and level of consumption. METHOD: A representative sample (N = 2,865) of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean age 14.24, dt = 1.33) was collected. The variables abuse, binge drinking and drinking motives were evaluated using a questionnaire designed ad hoc, which identified the Cooper's four categories of motives. RESULTS: The analyses (ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression) showed that there were no differences between young men and women regarding consumption or binge drinking. Minors who abused alcohol experience consumption as pleasurable in itself, as an important source of intrinsic reinforcement. Conformity predicted the problematic consumption of alcohol among boys and a decrease in the frequency of binge drinking among girls. In addition, the larger group showed more presence of enhancement and social motives. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that it would not be of interest to focus prevention on the negative consequences of consumption, but rather on the training of specific skills.

¿Cómo es posible? Procesos psicológicos de reconciliación tras el genocidio en Ruanda / How can it be possible? Psychological processes of reconciliation after the genocide in Rwanda

Casi 25 años después de la extrema crueldad y violencia que hubo en Ruanda durante el genocidio de 1994, agresores y agredidos vuelven a convivir como vecinos. La psicología tiene un valor extraordinario para explicar tanto el horror como la superación del mismo. No podemos explicar los procesos de la reconciliación interpersonal o nacional sin antes entender las dinámicas del conflicto en general, y del conflicto de Ruanda en particular. Tanto antes, como durante, como después, tienen lugar procesos emocionales, cognitivos y conductuales, que afectan a los implicados y les hacen capaces de lo mejor y de lo peor. Este es el propósito de este artículo: comprender los procesos psicológicos que llevan al conflicto violento y desarrollar las condiciones para la reconstrucción y la reconciliación personal y social, todo ello ilustrado con el caso de Ruanda, uno de los más privilegiados escenarios para estudiar la violencia y su superación

Almost 25 years after the extreme cruelty and violence that occurred in Rwanda during the genocide of 1994, the perpetrators and victims live together as neighbors. Psychology is of extraordinary value in explaining both the horror and its overcoming. We cannot explain the processes of interpersonal or national reconciliation without first understanding the dynamics of the conflict in general, and of the Rwandan conflict in particular. Before, during and after any violent conflict, emotional, cognitive and behavioral processes take place, affecting those involved and making them capable of the best and the worst. This is the objective of this article: to understand the psychological processes that lead to violent conflict and to analyze the conditions for reconstruction, and personal and social reconciliation, focused on the case of Rwanda, one of the most fitting scenarios for studying violence and the overcoming of it

La calidad del cuidado enfermero en el ámbito paliativo / The quality of nursing care in the palliative field / A qualidade de enfermagem no âmbito dos cuidados paliativos

El cuidado es la esencia de la profesión enfermera y cobra todo su sentido en el ámbito de paliativos. La enfermería de paliativos adquiere un papel relevante en la relación con el paciente y/o familia y acompañamiento en el sufrimiento. Analizar si los cuidados enfermeros proporcionados al paciente con enfermedad terminal y familiares, son o no de calidad, supone aspirar a una mejora continua y excelencia profesional. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es realizar una revisión teórica sobre la calidad del cuidado enfermero en el ámbito paliativo. Para ello, se consultó en las bases de datos Academic Search Complet, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CUIDEN y MEDLINE. Los resultados nos indican que la calidad de los cuidados enfermeros parece un campo poco investigado, y que los instrumentos de medida evalúan la calidad percibida desde la satisfacción del paciente, sólo en el ámbito hospitalario. Existe un amplio consenso sobre las dimensiones esenciales para evaluar la calidad de los cuidados paliativos, pero no se han encontrado escalas que midan específicamente la calidad del cuidado enfermero paliativo. La calidad se evalúa, por tanto, a través de las competencias enfermeras avanzadas y valores del profesional enfermero en paliativos

Care is the essence of the nursing profession and takes full meaning in the field of palliative care. Palliative nursing acquires an important role in the relationship with the patient and/or family and accompaniment in suffering. Analysing whether there is quality or not in the nursing care provided to the patient with terminal illness and his family, helps to build continuous improvement and professional excellence. The aim of our study is to carry out a theoretical review on the quality of nursing care in the field of palliative care. For this purpose, we worked with the databases Academic Search Complet, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CUIDEN and MEDLINE. The results indicate that the quality of nursing care seems to be a poorly researched field, and that the instruments of measurement evaluate the perceived quality from patient satisfaction, only in the hospital setting. There is a broad consensus on the essential dimensions for assessing the quality of palliative care, but no scales have been found that specifically measure the quality of nursing palliative care. Quality is therefore evaluated through advanced nursing competencies and nursing professional values in palliative care

O cuidado é a essência da profissão enfermeira e cobra todo o seu sentido na área de paliativos. A enfermeira de paliativos adquire um papel relevante na relação com o paciente e/ou família bem como no acompanhamento no sofrimento. Analisar se os cuidados proporcionados fornecidos ao paciente com doença terminal e familiares, têm ou não qualidade, supõe aspirar a uma melhora continua e à excelência profissional. O objetivo do nosso estudo é realizar uma revisão teórica sobre a qualidade da assistência do enfermeiro no âmbito dos cuidados paliativos. Com esse objetivo, se consultaram as bases de dados da Academic Search Complet, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CUIDEN y MEDLINE. Os resultados nos indicam que a qualidade dos cuidados enfermeiros parece ser um campo pouco investigado, e que os instrumentos de medida que avaliam a qualidade percebida a partir da satisfação do paciente, são apenas no âmbito hospitalário. Existe um amplio consenso sobre as dimensões essenciais para avaliar a qualidade dos cuidados paliativos, mas não se encontrou as escalas para medir especificamente a qualidade do cuidado do enfermeiro paliativo. A qualidade se avalia, por tanto, através das competências enfermeiras avançadas e valores do profissional enfermeiro em paliativos

Consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes en Madrid: la influencia de la identidad étnica latinoamericana y nacional española / Consumption of alcohol in adolescents in Madrid (Spain): influence of ethnic identity Latino and Spanish nationality

El alcohol es la sustancia más consumida por los adolescentes en sus espacios de ocio, y éstos difieren según ciertas categorías sociales. Objetivo. Este trabajo pretende abordar la relación entre identificación étnica latinoamericana y nacional española en el consumo de alcohol de los adolescentes madrileños, incluyendo el análisis de los motivos por los que beben alcohol y las circunstancias de riesgo que viven bajo el uso de esta sustancia. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo inferencial mediante un cuestionario ad hoc auto-administrado a 2890 adolescentes de 12 a 18 años; muestreo estratificado de centros de E.S.O. de Madrid. Resultados. El 7,4% de los adolescentes se identificó como latinoamericano y el 73,4% como español. La identificación como latinoamericano se asoció a mayor motivación para el consumo relacionada con la desinhibición, haberse emborrachado perdiendo el sentido, mayor autopercepción de abuso de alcohol y mayor riesgo en las relaciones sexuales. La identificación como español resultó más frecuente en mujeres que en varones, y no se relacionó con ninguna variable del consumo ni del abuso de alcohol. Las diferencias intersexuales fueron significativas en la edad de inicio al consumo y en la conducta de embriaguez. Conclusiones. Los resultados conducen a considerar las variables culturales y de identificación social en la intervención preventiva para aumentar la eficacia y eficiencia

Alcohol is the substance adolescents consume most in their leisure spaces, and these differ according to special social categories. Aims. This article aims to approach the relationship between ethnic Latino identity and Spanish nationality in alcohol consumption by Madrid adolescents. It includes an analysis of the reasons why they drink alcohol and the risk situations they undergo under this substance. Method. Descriptive inferential study with an ad hoc questionnaire self-administered to 2890 adolescents from 12 to 18 years old; stratified sampling in Ten Educational Centers in Madrid. Results. 7.4% of the adolescents identified themselves as Latin-American, and 73.4% as Spanish. The identification as a Latin-American was associated with a higher motivation for consumption related to lack of inhibition, having been inebriated with loss of consciousness, higher self-perception of alcohol abuse and higher risk in sexual intercourse. Identification as being Spanish was more frequent in women than in men, and was not related to any variable of alcohol consumption or abuse. Intersexual differences in analyzed variables were significant for the age of onset for consumption and alcohol intoxication behavior. Conclusions. Results lead to take into account cultural variables and those related to social identity in preventive intervention to increase efficiency and effectiveness

¿Perdón a uno mismo, autoaceptación o restauración intrapersonal? Cuestiones abiertas en psicología del perdón / Self-forgiveness, self-acceptance or intrapersonal restoration? Open issues in the psychology of forgiveness

Los primeros intentos de abordar conceptualmente el perdón a uno mismo tendieron a considerarlo en el contexto de la teoría del perdón interpersonal, tratando de encontrar paralelismos entre ambas formas de perdón. Sin embargo, hay datos que cuestionan que pueda ser considerado simplemente un tipo más de perdón, y apuntan a que el perdón a los demás y el perdón a uno mismo podrían estar basados en factores psicológicos muy diferentes. El artículo revisa el conocimiento disponible hasta ahora y presenta una propuesta de lo que sería el curso temporal del perdón a uno mismo, recogiendo los elementos de los principales modelos teóricos para ofrecer al lector una visión completa, ordenada y coherente del proceso. Se concluye que la mejor perspectiva para comprender el autoperdón es estudiarlo desde la perspectiva del ofensor, entendiendo al sujeto como alguien que debe buscar y recibir perdón, no como alguien que debe darlo

The first attempts to conceptually address the self-forgiveness tended to consider it from the findings of the theory of interpersonal forgiveness, trying aiming to find parallels between the two forms of forgiveness. However, some there are empirical data that question that whether self-forgiveness is can be considered as just one another type of forgiveness, since interpersonal forgiveness and self forgiveness are based on very different psychological factors. The This paper reviews the available knowledge available to date and presents a proposal about the temporal course of self-forgiveness, collecting the elements of the main theoretical models to provide the reader with a complete and coherent view of the process. It is We concluded that the best approach to understanding self-forgiveness is to consider it from the perspective of the offender, understanding the subject as someone who must seek and receive forgiveness, rather than someone who should grant it

Neurophysiological indicators of emotional processing in youth psychopathy.

BACKGROUND: Research with psychopathic samples using the technique of evoked potentials is rather limited and almost exclusively concerned with the study of the P300 component; no studies have been found (to date) that assess shorter wave latencies. This research focuses on the emotional and attentional processes in young people with psychopathic characteristics, using the evoked potential technique in short-wave latency (N100). METHOD: The experimental group consisted of 22 subjects; all of them met the psychopathic criteria of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV). The control sample consisted of 25 subjects, all of them scoring less than 15 points in APSD. RESULTS: In the experimental group, the mechanisms responsible for processing the pleasant stimulation responded earlier and with more intensity (on the N100); premium positivity bias on negativity. CONCLUSIONS: This emotional deficit found in the literature on psychopathy in adults is also found in young people.

Neurophysiological indicators of emotional processing in youth psychopathy / Indicadores neurofisiológicos de procesamiento emocional en psicopatía juvenil

BACKGROUND: Research with psychopathic samples using the technique of evoked potentials is rather limited and almost exclusively concerned with the study of the P300 component; no studies have been found (to date) that assess shorter wave latencies. This research focuses on the emotional and attentional processes in young people with psychopathic characteristics, using the evoked potential technique in short-wave latency (N100). METHOD: The experimental group consisted of 22 subjects; all of them met the psychopathic criteria of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV). The control sample consisted of 25 subjects, all of them scoring less than 15 points in APSD. RESULTS: In the experimental group, the mechanisms responsible for processing the pleasant stimulation responded earlier and with more intensity (on the N100); premium positivity bias on negativity. CONCLUSIONS: This emotional deficit found in the literature on psychopathy in adults is also found in young people

ANTECEDENTES: en el campo de la psicopatía muy pocos estudios se han centrado en usar la técnica de potenciales evocados, y los pocos que hay han estudiado casi exclusivamente el componente P300, no encontrándose casi estudios sobre ondas de latencia corta. Este artículo estudia los procesos emocionales y atencionales presentes en jóvenes con características psicopáticas, utilizando la técnica de potenciales evocados en ondas de latencia corta ((N100). MÉTODO: el grupo experimental estuvo formado por 22 varones, todos ellos cumpliendo los criterios del Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) y de la Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV). El grupo control estaba formado por 25 varones con puntuaciones inferiores a 15 puntos en el APSD. RESULTADOS: el grupo experimental respondió más pronto y con más intensidad (en la N100) ante la estimulación placentera, primando el sesgo de la negatividad. CONCLUSIONES: se observa en jóvenes el mismo déficit emocional que se encuentra en la psicopatía adulta

Psicopatía infanto-juvenil: Evaluación y tratamiento / Child and adolescent psychopathy: assessment and treatment

A lo largo de este artículo se pretende defender la presencia de rasgos psicopáticos en población infanto-juvenil. Desde la psicología hay dos aportaciones teóricas fundamentales para la comprensión de este trastorno en la infancia. Una de ellas se centra más en los aspectos del comportamiento antisocial (Lynam, 1997); y, la otra destaca la presencia de un rasgo fundamental en la identificación del trastorno que es la insensibilidad emocional (CU, callous unemotional, Frick, O’Brien, Wootton y McBurnett, 1994). También se presentan algunos de los instrumentos más utilizados para la evaluación de la psicopatía infanto-juvenil, así como algunos resultados encontrados en el tratamiento de esta patología

Throughout this article we aim to defend the presence of psychopathic traits in child and adolescent population. In psychology there are two fundamental theoretical contributions to the understanding of this disorder in childhood. One focuses on the aspects of antisocial behaviour (Lynam, 1997); and the other highlights the presence of a fundamental feature in identifying the disorder, known as the callous unemotional trait (CU, Frick, O'Brien, Wootton & McBurnett, 1994). We also present some of the instruments that are most used in the assessment of child and adolescent psychopathy, as well as some results found in the treatment of this disease

La psicopatía subclínica y la triada oscura de la personalidad / Concordance between the IPDE Screening Questionnaire and the diagnosis of personality disorders in smokers

El trabajo tiene dos objetivos: en primer lugar, aumentar el conocimiento sobre la psicopatía subclínica estudiando su relación con los otros dos componentes de la triada oscura de la personalidad para arrojar más datos al debate sobre qué elemento (si el narcisismo o el maquiavelismo) está más relacionado con la psicopatía. Además, se estudia el funcionamiento del “Autoinforme de psicopatía” (Self-Report Psychopathy III, SRP-III; Paulhus, Hemphill y Hare, en prensa) como medida de psicopatía para población no carcelaria, comparando las puntuaciones obtenidas con los datos normativos. La muestra está formada por 512 universitarios españoles. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el SRP-III, el “Inventario de personalidad narcisista” (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, NPI; Raskin y Hall, 1981) y la “Escala de maquiavelismo” (Mach-IV; Christie y Geis, 1970). Los resultados indican que, respecto a la relación entre los componentes de la triada oscura de la personalidad, el maquiavelismo está más relacionado con la psicopatía subclínica. Por último, el funcionamiento del SRP-III en la muestra de estudio es similar a la muestra normativa (AU)

The aim of this work was to obtain the best cut-off point for the International Personality Disorder Examination Questionnaire (IPDEQ), DSM-IV Module. The sample involved 50 smokers who required treatment to stop smoking and whose screening was positive for at least one personality disorder (PD). They were subsequently evaluated by means of the full IPDE interview. The most appropriate cut-off points for antisocial and paranoid PD in these individuals were three and four positive criteria, respectively, whereas no conclusive results were forthcoming for all the other PDs. The kappa coefficient also shows good inter-evaluator reliability. The cut-off for three or more items is inadequate, as it significantly overestimates the presence of a PD. We conclude that the IPDEQ is useful for quickly determining the possible presence or absence of a PD, provided the cut-off point is raised until it is consistent with the diagnostic criteria proposed by the DSM-IV for each PD

Problemas emocionales y de conducta en hermanos menores con diagnóstico de trastorno mental / Emotional and behavioral problems in children having siblings with mental disease

El estudio evalúa la presencia y características de los problemas de conducta diagnosticados de trastorno mental (MD). La muestra está formada por 153 menores de entre 4 y 18 años. En el grupo de hermanos de MD hay 58 sujetos, en el grupo control 95 menores sin hermanos diagnosticados. Para evaluar los problemas de conducta se ha utilizado el Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL, Achenbach y Edelbrock, 1983). Aunque ninguna de las puntuaciones medias entra en la categoría de rango clínico, se encuentran diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en todas las escalas salvo en Problemas de atención, observándose un mayor nivel de problemas de conducta en los hermanos de MD. Estos resultados se mantienen si consideramos la edad y el sexo de los sujetos. Se discute la relevancia de estos resultados así como las implicaciones que para la intervención clínica familiar se derivan de ellos

This study analyzes emotional and behavioral problems in children with siblings who have being diagnosed a mental disease (MD). The sample consisted of 153 children ranging from 4 to 18 years old, 58 of whom had MO siblings and 95 did not -control group. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL, Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1983) was used to assess behavioral problems. Although none of the mean scores had clinical relevance, significant differences were found between both groups in all scales except in the attention problems scale. Children with MD siblings had more of behavioral problems than children without MD siblings. Differences remain regardless of the age and gender of subjects. The relevance of results and their implications for family therapy are discussed