Multiple Retinal Emboli and Medial Canthal Swelling Following Injection of Acellular Porcine Urinary Bladder Matrix for Hair Restoration.

Acellular porcine urinary bladder matrix promotes wound healing and is also used to stimulate hair growth. A 64-year-old female presented with acute-onset OD pain and decreased visual acuity after subcutaneous injection of acellular porcine urinary bladder matrix at the hairline. Fundus examination revealed multiple emboli at retinal arcade branch points, and fluorescein angiography demonstrated corresponding areas of peripheral nonperfusion. Two weeks later, external examination revealed new swelling of the right medial canthus without erythema or fluctuance, which was felt to possibly represent recruitment of vessels after occlusion in the facial vasculature. At 1-month follow up, visual acuity of the OD improved with resolution of right medial canthal swelling. Fundus examination was normal with no visible emboli. Herein, the authors present a case of retinal occlusion and medial canthal swelling following injection of acellular porcine urinary bladder matrix for hair restoration, which to the authors knowledge has not been previously reported.

Outcomes and Clinical Features Predictive of Fungal Endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: To analyze intravitreal antifungal injections performed at a tertiary center to determine (1) risk factors increasing fungal endophthalmitis likelihood at the time of patient presentation, (2) prognostic factors at presentation, and (3) validity of American Academy of Ophthalmology (Academy) ophthalmologic Candida septicemia (candidemia) screening guidelines. DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective clinical case-control study. METHODS: Clinical course, visual outcome, and final diagnosis were analyzed for 75 patients (81 eyes) receiving intravitreal antifungal injections between 2014 and 2021. Features were compared between fungal endophthalmitis and clinically similar diseases (masquerades). RESULTS: Fungal endophthalmitis was more likely than masquerade based on injection in emergency department or inpatient setting (P = .0002) vs outpatient, greater visual acuity (P = .049), artificial indwelling line present (P = .0004), sepsis within past 6 months (P = .0002), prior/current hepatitis C diagnosis (P = .044), total parenteral nutrition (P = .0028), complicated diabetes mellitus (P = .035), actively treated cancer (P = .021), immunosuppressive medication within past year (P = .035), immunocompromising condition number (P = .031), and delayed pain (P = .0094) and vision loss (P = .020) onset. Visual acuity at presentation correlated with visual outcome (R2 = 0.3524, P = 8.5 × 10-7). No patients with fungal endophthalmitis were asymptomatic or identified by screening. CONCLUSIONS: Many conditions can mimic fungal endophthalmitis, but certain risk factors should raise its suspicion. Regardless of diagnosis, presenting vision correlates with final vision. Lastly, no patients with fungal endophthalmitis were asymptomatic or identified by screening, further supporting current Academy candidemia screening guidelines.

Novel MFSD8 mutation causing non-syndromic asymmetric adult-onset macular dystrophy.

BACKGROUND: MFSD8 mutations can cause type 7 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a systemic disorder that includes vision loss; however, such mutations can also cause isolated retinal dystrophy with vision loss without systemic signs or symptoms as first identified in 2015. This report details a previously unreported combination of compound heterozygous variants in the MFSD8 gene causing a non-syndromic, bilateral central macular dystrophy presenting in adulthood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a case of MFSD8-associated retinal dystrophy with multimodal imaging and a review of relevant literature. RESULTS: A 57-year-old female presented for subacute, unilateral blurriness in her right eye. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/250 and 20/50 in the right and left eyes, respectively. Fundus examination and multimodal imaging revealed blunted foveal reflexes and optical gap with subfoveal ellipsoid zone loss in both eyes, right greater than left. Full field electroretinography results were within normal limits while the Arden ratio on electro-oculography was abnormal in both eyes, right more so than left. Genetic testing revealed apparently causative compound heterozygous mutations in the MFSD8 gene: c.154G>A, p.(Gly52Arg) and c.1006G>C, p.(Gluc336Gln). Visual acuity over one year of follow-up has remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: To authors' knowledge, this report is first description of this combination of mutations in the MFSD8 gene leading to non-syndromic adult-onset macular dystrophy.

Effect of Near Work on Intraocular Pressure in Emmetropes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether accommodation induced by reading alters intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy, young, emmetropic adults and to document the duration and magnitude of this effect. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Participants. Fifteen healthy, emmetropic young adults. METHODS: Subjects performed 20 minutes of near work (reading at 33 cm) followed by 20 minutes of far work (reading at 520 cm) while IOP was measured using an iCare tonometer at baseline and every 5 minutes thereafter. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA. Main Outcome Measures. Intraocular pressure. RESULTS: IOP decreased significantly compared to baseline IOP after 10 minutes of near work (average change of -1.60 ± 2.2 (SD) mm Hg, p < 0.05). IOP remained lower than baseline IOP throughout all subsequent near and far work. The difference in IOP at the end of experimentation compared to baseline IOP was -1.87 ± 1.81 mm Hg (p < 0.05). IOP remained lower than baseline IOP throughout all subsequent near and far work. The difference in IOP at the end of experimentation compared to baseline IOP was -1.87 ± 1.81 mm Hg (. CONCLUSIONS: Near work decreases IOP in healthy emmetropes, and this effect is sustained for at least 20 minutes after discontinuing prolonged near work. Providers may need to consider this effect when measuring IOP in clinical practice.

Ophthalmologist and Optometrist Glaucoma Prescribing Patterns Based on 2015 Medicare Part D Data.

PURPOSE: To determine differences in prescribing patterns of glaucoma drugs between ophthalmologists and optometrists in terms of (1) the proportions of generics prescribed when brand-name drugs were also available, (2) the relative proportions of drugs prescribed within a drug class, and (3) the relative frequency of all glaucoma drugs prescribed. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: All ophthalmologists and optometrists in the United States who prescribed any of the 36 drugs studied through Medicare Part D in 2015. METHODS: Outcome measures were calculated using Excel 2016 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) based on the 2015 Medicare Part D Prescriber data. The total number of drug claims for 36 glaucoma drugs by all ophthalmologists and optometrists through Medicare Part D in 2015 was determined. These data were then used to calculate, for each drug class, the relative proportions of each drug prescribed by ophthalmologists and optometrists in addition to the proportion of claims that were for the generic drug when at least 1 brand-name alternative was available for both professions. RESULTS: The difference between ophthalmologists' and optometrists' proportions of claims that were for generics when at least 1 brand-name drug was available was generally less than 1%, with both professions' patients receiving primarily generic drugs. However, patients of both ophthalmologists and optometrists use relatively low proportions of generic betaxolol, brimonidine, travoprost, and bimatoprost (approximately 46%, 58%, 1%, and 0% of claims were for these generics, respectively, when compared with brand-name drugs for both ophthalmologists and optometrists). Within each drug class, ophthalmologists and optometrists generally chose the same drug. Overall, ophthalmologists prescribed a wider range of drugs, but both ophthalmologists and optometrists prescribed latanoprost most often. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmologists and optometrists exhibit similar clinical judgement when choosing a particular drug within a drug class. However, ophthalmologists tend to prescribe more drugs from a wider range of drug classes. Both ophthalmologists and optometrists could prescribe more generic betaxolol, brimonidine, travoprost, and bimatoprost, though generic bimatoprost only became available in 2015.

Variation in Prostaglandin Analog Prices Paid for Through Medicare Part D.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the prices and price variation of the prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) used in the United States and examine their trends from 2013 to 2016 using Medicare Part D data. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: All ophthalmologists and optometrists in all 50 states and DC who prescribed any PGA purchased through Part D from 2013 through 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Outcome measures were calculated using Excel 2016 based off of the 2013 to 2016 Medicare Part D Prescriber Data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 2013 to 2016 nationwide prices of 7 PGAs, the states with the 2016 minimum and maximum average prices, the SDs in PGA prices among the cities in each state, and the nationwide average of these SDs for 2013 to 2016. RESULTS: The 2016 nationwide prices of 30-day supplies of bimatoprost, latanoprost, lumigan, travatan Z, travoprost, xalatan, and zioptan in 2016 were: $107.90±25.19, $10.16±1.52, $167.30±17.66, $171.36±19.44, $92.53±15.14, $153.41±15.16, and $162.75±13.22, respectively. Each drug's SD in city prices within each state averaged nationwide for 30-day supplies in 2016 were $10.89, $1.44, $16.68, $17.23, $10.30, $10.07, and $9.48, respectively. Spending on these drugs totaled $861,180,924 in 2016. There was less price variation within each state as compared with the whole country. No substantial decreases in price variation exist for any drug from 2013 to 2016. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial variation in PGA prices when purchased by Medicare Part D enrollees across the United States and within each state itself. Simultaneously, the prices and total expenditure on these medications are increasing yearly. Physicians should be cognizant of this price variation for these expensive and chronically used drugs and should educate patients to optimize their Part D supplemental plan.