ABSTRACT
Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a life-threatening autoimmune vasculitis that affects lungs, kidneys and other organs. A hallmark of WG is the presence of classic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA) against self-proteinase 3 (PR3). Little is known about the role of these antibodies and PR3-specific immune responses in disease development. In this study, we demonstrate that PR3-specific autoimmune responses are pathogenic in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with an impaired regulatory arm of the immune response. Immunization of autoimmunity prone NOD mice with rmPR3 (recombinant mouse PR3) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) resulted in high levels of c-ANCA, without detectable disease development. However, when splenocytes from these immunized mice were transferred into immunodeficient NOD-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, the recipient mice developed vasculitis and severe segmental and necrotizing glomerulonephritis. No disease developed in NOD-SCID mice that received splenocytes from the CFA-alone-immunized donors (controls), indicating that disease development depends upon PR3-specific immune responses. In contrast to the pathology observed in NOD-SCID mice, no disease was observed when splenocytes from rmPR3-immunized C57BL/6 mice were transferred into immunodeficient C57BL/6-RAG-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that complex and probably multi-genetic factors play a role in the regulation of disease development.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/immunology , Antibody Specificity/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/immunology , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/immunology , Myeloblastin/immunology , Animals , Autoimmune Diseases/chemically induced , Autoimmune Diseases/pathology , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/chemically induced , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/chemically induced , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred NOD , Mice, Knockout , Mice, SCID , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
The in vitro antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata was investigated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The viral inhibition was assayed employing viral plaque reduction assay. The antiviral activity of the essential oil specifically affects PrV and HSV-1 multiplication, since it was found that non toxic effects on cells were observed at the concentrations assayed. The therapeutic index values were 10.0 and 9.5 for HSV-1 and PrV, respectively. The antibacterial activity was studied using a diffusion assay and the broth tube dilution method. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oil than the gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil of M. verticillata was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Of the six components identified in the volatile oil, pulegone (44.56%) and menthone (39.51%) were the major constituents. The antimicrobial activity can be explained to some extent by the presence of pulegone. Results suggest that further investigations concerning the isolation of the substance responsible for the antimicrobial activity and an effort to define the mechanisms of action are warranted.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Suid/drug effects , Monoterpenes , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Simplexvirus/drug effects , Bacillus cereus/drug effects , Chromatography, Gas , Cyclohexane Monoterpenes , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Suid/physiology , Menthol/analogs & derivatives , Menthol/isolation & purification , Menthol/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Oils/chemistry , Proteus mirabilis/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Simplexvirus/physiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Terpenes/isolation & purification , Terpenes/pharmacology , Viral Plaque Assay , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
The in vitro antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata was investigated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The viral inhibition was assayed employing viral plaque reduction assay. The antiviral activity of the essential oil specifically affects PrV and HSV-1 multiplication, since it was found that non toxic effects on cells were observed at the concentrations assayed. The therapeutic index values were 10.0 and 9.5 for HSV-1 and PrV, respectively. The antibacterial activity was studied using a diffusion assay and the broth tube dilution method. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oil than the gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil of M. verticillata was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Of the six components identified in the volatile oil, pulegone (44.56) and menthone (39.51) were the major constituents. The antimicrobial activity can be explained to some extent by the presence of pulegone. Results suggest that further investigations concerning the isolation of the substance responsible for the antimicrobial activity and an effort to define the mechanisms of action are warranted.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Suid , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Simplexvirus , Bacillus cereus , Chromatography, Gas , Escherichia coli , Herpesvirus 1, Suid , Menthol , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Oils/chemistry , Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Virus Replication/drug effects , Simplexvirus , Staphylococcus aureus , Terpenes , Viral Plaque AssayABSTRACT
The in vitro antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata was investigated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The viral inhibition was assayed employing viral plaque reduction assay. The antiviral activity of the essential oil specifically affects PrV and HSV-1 multiplication, since it was found that non toxic effects on cells were observed at the concentrations assayed. The therapeutic index values were 10.0 and 9.5 for HSV-1 and PrV, respectively. The antibacterial activity was studied using a diffusion assay and the broth tube dilution method. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oil than the gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil of M. verticillata was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Of the six components identified in the volatile oil, pulegone (44.56) and menthone (39.51) were the major constituents. The antimicrobial activity can be explained to some extent by the presence of pulegone. Results suggest that further investigations concerning the isolation of the substance responsible for the antimicrobial activity and an effort to define the mechanisms of action are warranted.(AU)
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Suid/drug effects , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Simplexvirus/drug effects , Bacillus cereus/drug effects , Chromatography, Gas , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Suid/physiology , Menthol/analogs & derivatives , Menthol/isolation & purification , Menthol/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Oils/chemistry , Viral Plaque Assay , Proteus mirabilis/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Simplexvirus/physiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Terpenes/isolation & purification , Terpenes/pharmacology , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
The in vitro antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata was investigated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The viral inhibition was assayed employing viral plaque reduction assay. The antiviral activity of the essential oil specifically affects PrV and HSV-1 multiplication, since it was found that non toxic effects on cells were observed at the concentrations assayed. The therapeutic index values were 10.0 and 9.5 for HSV-1 and PrV, respectively. The antibacterial activity was studied using a diffusion assay and the broth tube dilution method. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oil than the gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil of M. verticillata was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Of the six components identified in the volatile oil, pulegone (44.56
) and menthone (39.51
) were the major constituents. The antimicrobial activity can be explained to some extent by the presence of pulegone. Results suggest that further investigations concerning the isolation of the substance responsible for the antimicrobial activity and an effort to define the mechanisms of action are warranted.
Subject(s)
Zoonoses , Disasters , Veterinary Public Health , Food Preservation , Food Contamination , Latin AmericaSubject(s)
Zoonoses , Disasters , Veterinary Public Health , Food Preservation , Food Contamination , Latin AmericaSubject(s)
Disasters , Food Contamination , Food Preservation , Veterinary Public Health , Zoonoses , Latin AmericaSubject(s)
Disasters , Food Contamination , Food Preservation , Veterinary Public Health , Zoonoses , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
A pesar de los ocasionales intentos de eliminarla, la venta de alimentos en la vía pública en América Latina parece estar aumentando, estimulada por las crecientes poblaciones urbanas marginales, el desempleo que crea innumerables vendedores callejeros potenciales, las grandes distancias recorridas cotidianamente entre el lugar de trabajo y el hogar, la demanda de alimentos baratos y culturalmente apropiados cerca de los lugares de trabajo y la escasez o ausencia de establecimientos permanentes que sirvan ese tipo de alimentos. Además de representar una carga oculta para los servicios públicos, la industria de los alimentos de venta callejera, por lo general no reglamentada y casi clandestina, tiende a no observar normas adecuadas de higiene y a plantear considerables problemas de salud pública. En este contexto, las epidemias de cólera en América Latina han atraído la atención hacia el potencial de transmisión de enfermedades que tienen los alimentos vendidos en la calle y han estimulado el apoyo a los intentos de resolver ese problema. En este momento, más que fútiles intentos de abolir esa venta, aparentemente se requiere un criterio nuevo y más positivo mediante el cual los países modifiquen sus reglamentaciones para permitir la adaptación constructiva y pacífica de la venta callejera de alimentos a un nuevo estilo de vida de las sociedades latinoamericanas. Esto implica una reorganización jurídica orientada a establecer estructuras para la venta de alimentos en la vía pública y permitir la aplicación de medidas -especialmente el suministro y la utilización de agua inocua- que fomenten las normas adecuadas de higiene y el consumo de alimentos no peligrosos. También implica crear programas para proporcionar adiestramiento apropiado a los inspectores y educación sanitaria tanto a los vendedores como a los consumidores de esos alimentos; esto significa que hay que promover y adoptar métodos mejores para preparar y vender alimentos. No hay motivos para suponer que estas medidas constituirán una panacea inmediata para el problema de la venta de callejera de alimentos; sin embargo, hay buenas razones para pensar que pueden mejorar notablemente la situación actual
Subject(s)
Food Hygiene/standards , Food Handling/standards , Food Inspection , Food Contamination , Developing Countries , Latin America/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A pesar de los ocasionales intentos de eliminarla, la venta de alimentos en la vía pública en América Latina parece estar aumentando, estimulada por las crecientes poblaciones urbanas marginales, el desempleo que crea innumerables vendedores callejeros potenciales, las grandes distancias recorridas cotidianamente entre el lugar de trabajo y el hogar, la demanda de alimentos baratos y culturalmente apropiados cerca de los lugares de trabajo y la escasez o ausencia de establecimientos permanentes que sirvan ese tipo de alimentos. Además de representar una carga oculta para los servicios públicos, la industria de los alimentos de venta callejera, por lo general no reglamentada y casi clandestina, tiende a no observar normas adecuadas de higiene y a plantear considerables problemas de salud pública. En este contexto, las epidemias de cólera en América Latina han atraído la atención hacia el potencial de transmisión de enfermedades que tienen los alimentos vendidos en la calle y han estimulado el apoyo a los intentos de resolver ese problema. En este momento, más que fútiles intentos de abolir esa venta, aparentemente se requiere un criterio nuevo y más positivo mediante el cual los países modifiquen sus reglamentaciones para permitir la adaptación constructiva y pacífica de la venta callejera de alimentos a un nuevo estilo de vida de las sociedades latinoamericanas. Esto implica una reorganización jurídica orientada a establecer estructuras para la venta de alimentos en la vía pública y permitir la aplicación de medidas -especialmente el suministro y la utilización de agua inocua- que fomenten las normas adecuadas de higiene y el consumo de alimentos no peligrosos. También implica crear programas para proporcionar adiestramiento apropiado a los inspectores y educación sanitaria tanto a los vendedores como a los consumidores de esos alimentos; esto significa que hay que promover y adoptar métodos mejores para preparar y vender alimentos. No hay motivos para suponer que estas medidas constituirán una panacea inmediata para el problema de la venta de callejera de alimentos; sin embargo, hay buenas razones para pensar que pueden mejorar notablemente la situación actual
Version revisada de un documento presentado en la Conferencia "Street Foods: Epidemiology, Management and Practical Approaches" celebrada en Beijing, China, del 19 al 21 de octubre de 1993. Se publica en inglés en el Bull. PAHO. Vol. 28(4), 1994
Subject(s)
Food Hygiene , Latin America , Food Handling , Food Inspection , Food Contamination , Developing CountriesABSTRACT
Despite occasional attempts to repress it, street food vending in Latin America appears to be on the rise- encouraged by growing marginal urban populations, the unemployed status of innumerable potential street vendors, lengthening commutes for workers, public demand for cheap and culturally appropriate food near workplaces, and a shortage or absence of regular establishments serving such food. Besides placing a hidden burden on public services, the generally unregulated and quasi clandestine street food industry tends to observe poor hygienic practices and to pose significant public health problems. Within this context, Latin America's cholera epidemics have drawn increasing attention to street food's potential for disease transmission and have created growing support for attempts to resolve these troubles. What appears needed at this point, rather than futile attempts at abolition, is a new and more positive approach wherein countries change their regulations so as to permit peaceful and constructive adaptation of street food vending to a new style of Latin American social life. This implies legal reorganization directed at structurally developing street food vending and permitting application of measures- especially provision and use of safe water- that will foster good hygiene and safe foods. It also implies creating programs to provide appropriate training for inspectors as well as health education for both vendors and consumers of street food; and it implies promoting and adopting improved methods for preparing and selling such food. There is no reason to suppose these measures will provide and immediate panacea for the street food vending problem; but there is good reason to think they can immensely improve the situation that exists today
