Cytochrome P450 enzymes but not NADPH oxidases are the source of the NADPH-dependent lucigenin chemiluminescence in membrane assays.

Measuring NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living tissues and cells is a constant challenge. All probes available display limitations regarding sensitivity, specificity or demand highly specialized detection techniques. In search for a presumably easy, versatile, sensitive and specific technique, numerous studies have used NADPH-stimulated assays in membrane fractions which have been suggested to reflect Nox activity. However, we previously found an unaltered activity with these assays in triple Nox knockout mouse (Nox1-Nox2-Nox4-/-) tissue and cells compared to wild type. Moreover, the high ROS production of intact cells overexpressing Nox enzymes could not be recapitulated in NADPH-stimulated membrane assays. Thus, the signal obtained in these assays has to derive from a source other than NADPH oxidases. Using a combination of native protein electrophoresis, NADPH-stimulated assays and mass spectrometry, mitochondrial proteins and cytochrome P450 were identified as possible source of the assay signal. Cells lacking functional mitochondrial complexes, however, displayed a normal activity in NADPH-stimulated membrane assays suggesting that mitochondrial oxidoreductases are unlikely sources of the signal. Microsomes overexpressing P450 reductase, cytochromes b5 and P450 generated a NADPH-dependent signal in assays utilizing lucigenin, L-012 and dihydroethidium (DHE). Knockout of the cytochrome P450 reductase by CRISPR/Cas9 technology (POR-/-) in HEK293 cells overexpressing Nox4 or Nox5 did not interfere with ROS production in intact cells. However, POR-/- abolished the signal in NADPH-stimulated assays using membrane fractions from the very same cells. Moreover, membranes of rat smooth muscle cells treated with angiotensin II showed an increased NADPH-dependent signal with lucigenin which was abolished by the knockout of POR but not by knockout of p22phox. IN CONCLUSION: the cytochrome P450 system accounts for the majority of the signal of Nox activity chemiluminescence based assays.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of p22phox leads to loss of Nox1 and Nox4, but not Nox5 activity.

The NADPH oxidases are important transmembrane proteins producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within the Nox family, different modes of activation can be discriminated. Nox1-3 are dependent on different cytosolic subunits, Nox4 seems to be constitutively active and Nox5 is directly activated by calcium. With the exception of Nox5, all Nox family members are thought to depend on the small transmembrane protein p22phox. With the discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9-system, a tool to alter genomic DNA sequences has become available. So far, this method has not been widely used in the redox community. On such basis, we decided to study the requirement of p22phox in the Nox complex using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout. Knockout of the gene of p22phox, CYBA, led to an ablation of activity of Nox4 and Nox1 but not of Nox5. Production of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide after knockout could be rescued with either human or rat p22phox, but not with the DUOX-maturation factors DUOXA1/A2. Furthermore, different mutations of p22phox were studied regarding the influence on Nox4-dependent H2O2 production. P22phox Q130* and Y121H affected maturation and activity of Nox4. Hence, Nox5-dependent O2•- production is independent of p22phox, but native p22phox is needed for maturation of Nox4 and production of H2O2.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Calnexin Is a NADPH Oxidase NOX4 Interacting Protein.

Within the family of NADPH oxidases, NOX4 is unique as it is predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, has constitutive activity, and generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We hypothesize that these features are consequences of a so far unidentified NOX4-interacting protein. Two-dimensional blue native (BN) electrophorese combined with SDS-PAGE yielded NOX4 to reside in macromolecular complexes. Interacting proteins were screened by quantitative SILAC (stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture) co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) in HEK293 cells stably overexpressing NOX4. By this technique, several interacting proteins were identified with calnexin showing the most robust interaction. Calnexin also resided in NOX4-containing complexes as demonstrated by complexome profiling from BN-PAGE. The calnexin NOX4 interaction could be confirmed by reverse Co-IP and proximity ligation assay, whereas NOX1, NOX2, or NOX5 did not interact with calnexin. Calnexin deficiency as studied in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from calnexin(-/-)mice or in response to calnexin shRNA reduced cellular NOX4 protein expression and reactive oxygen species formation. Our results suggest that endogenous NOX4 forms macromolecular complexes with calnexin, which are needed for the proper maturation, processing, and function of NOX4 in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Unchanged NADPH Oxidase Activity in Nox1-Nox2-Nox4 Triple Knockout Mice: What Do NADPH-Stimulated Chemiluminescence Assays Really Detect?

NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are considered important sources of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This conclusion is, in part, based on the ability of NADPH to elicit a chemiluminescence signal in tissue/cell homogenates or membrane preparations in the presence of enhancers such as lucigenin, luminol, or L012. However, the ability of these particular assays to specifically detect Nox activity and Nox-derived ROS has not been proven. In this study, we demonstrate that combined knockout of the three main Nox enzymes of the mouse (Nox1-Nox2-Nox4 triple knockout) had no impact on NADPH-stimulated chemiluminescence signals in the aorta, heart, and kidney homogenates. In the NADPH-stimulated membrane assays, no effect of in vivo angiotensin II pretreatment or deletion of Nox enzymes was observed. In in vitro studies in HEK293 cells, the overexpression of Nox5 or Nox4 markedly increased ROS production in intact cells, whereas overexpression of Nox5 or Nox4 had no influence on the signal in membrane assays. In contrast, overexpression of nitric oxide synthase or cytochrome P450 enzymes resulted in an increased chemiluminescence signal in isolated membranes. On the basis of these observations, we propose the hypothesis that NADPH-stimulated chemiluminescence-based membrane assays, as currently used, do not reflect Nox activity.

Response to Pagano et al.

In their letter, Pagano et al. appreciate the development of the Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 triple (3N(-/-)) knockout mouse. They also agree on the view that chemiluminescence assays in general have severe limitations. However, they criticize the fact that the membrane assays in the particular study were restricted to chemiluminescence techniques. Moreover, Pagano et al. got the impression that statements concerning membrane assays of Nox activity in general were made. In addition to a lack of some technical details, Pagano et al. also found the characterization of the 3N(-/-) incomplete and some of the results to be incomprehensible. Although we are grateful for the interest of Pagano et al. in our work, we realized that basically each observation of our study was questioned. This is certainly an excessive rejection of the study in total and fails to appreciate the clear chain of evidences presented. Our work focused on chemiluminescence, and thus, any conclusions are restricted to this technique. Moreover, the 3N(-/-) mice were never developed to study the physiology of Nox enzymes, but rather to validate Nox specificity of NADPH-stimulated chemiluminescence assays. We are convinced that our findings are a valid demonstration that chemiluminescence-based assays in membrane preparations stimulated with NADPH do not measure Nox activity. This conclusion is based on both overexpression studies as well as genetic deficient mouse models. The criticisms of Pagano et al. thus might be justified in some aspects; they, however, cannot disprove the conclusions of our work. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 23, 1247-1249.