Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Four Different Concentrations of Ant Nest (Myrmecodia pendens) Collagen Membranes with Potential for Medical Applications.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to synthesize and structurally characterize four ant nest membranes in four different concentrations and determine the best concentration that could potentially be used as an alternative material for the production of new collagen barrier membranes. Materials and Methods: Membranes were created by mixing ant nest extracts at various concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, as well as collagen, chitosan, and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) using a film casting. A Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used to evaluate mechanical properties including elastic modulus, tensile strength, maximum elongation, elongation at break, and maximum force. Water absorption was performed, FTIR was used for functional group identification, and morphology was examined using SEM. Additionally, EDS was used to identify the composition and distribution of elements in membranes. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA (analysis of variance) and post hoc testing with a significance level of p <0.01 for quantitative data. Results: The results showed that the mechanical properties produced the following mean (standard deviation): elastic modulus 0.87 Mpa (0.11), tensile strength 16.32 N/mm2 (2.46), maximum elongation 4.96% (1.72), elongation at break 5.23% (1.87), and maximum force 22.50 N (5.06). The average water absorption capacity of all four membranes had a p-value <0.01. FTIR spectrum showed various peaks corresponding to functional groups, while SEM results indicated a homogeneous mixture. EDS analysis confirmed that the addition of ant plant extract at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% resulted in the presence of elements C, O, and Ca. Meanwhile, membranes prepared with 2% concentration had a different composition, namely C, O, Ca, and Na. Conclusion: Increasing the concentration of ant nest affects the values of the membrane's mechanical properties parameters, including the elastic modulus (0.87 Mpa), tensile strength (16.32 N/mm2), maximum elongation (4.96%), elongation at break (5.23%), and maximum force (22.50 N). The average membrane absorption of water (p value <0.01) was also affected. SEM images showed homogeneous mixing, and membrane EDS results consisted of C, O, and Ca composition. However, there was no effect on FTIR functional groups. The anthill membrane with a 1% concentration has the potential to serve as an alternative membrane in guided tissue regeneration.

Novel Design of Interlocking 3-Dimensional Miniplate in Mandibular Angle Fractures: An In Vitro Study.

The evolution of osteosynthesis has led to the development of novel miniplate designs, including 3-dimensional (3D) miniplates, which offer improved biomechanical stability. However, mandible fractures resulting from the high impact have a complex fracture configuration. Hence, the authors developed interlocking 3D miniplate to overcome the difficulty in miniplate and screw placement to avoid critical anatomic structures, that is, dental roots and nerve, while still providing stability for the fracture fragments. The interlocking 3D miniplates can be formed according to the specific needs by adjusting the horizontal and vertical cross struts configuration. This study describes a design process of interlocking 3D miniplates and evaluates biomechanical performance compared to standard miniplates. Finite element analysis was performed to evaluate the design's stress state using human and goat mandible models under various loading conditions. After the authors, established that our design was feasible for fabrication, the authors developed the prototype for biomechanical testing. Biomechanical testing was conducted on 10 goat mandibles to compare stability and displacement under various load between the interlocking 3D miniplate and the standard miniplate configuration. Biomechanical testing revealed reduced displacement in all directions with the interlocking 3D miniplate compared to the standard miniplate. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in all loads in the buccal-lingual displacement (P<0.05). The novel interlocking 3D miniplate design shows an adequate ability to provide stability for fixation for mandibular fractures, as evidenced by finite element analysis and biomechanical testing. Further research is necessary to validate these findings and explore the clinical application of interlocking 3D miniplates in mandibular fracture management.

Detection and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cattle imported from Australia to West Java, Indonesia.

Background and Aim: To meet domestic demand for meat, Indonesia imports live cattle from Australia, which have non-bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-free status. The consequence of importing live cattle from Australia is potentially introducing a novel BVD variant to Indonesia. Therefore, detecting BVD early and determining the agent's characteristics and clinical symptoms are necessary. This study aimed to detect and characterize clinical symptoms of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and highlight the importance of farm management as a risk factor for the spread of BVD. This study aimed to provide information about the effectiveness of preventive measures against BVD in Australian-imported cattle at the Tanjung Priok Seaport Agricultural Quarantine. Bovine viral diarrhea is among the most common diarrheal diseases found in feedlots and is a severe health and economic problem in cattle. Materials and Methods: All cattle in a selected feedlot were examined for clinical symptoms on their first day of arrival. The sampling criteria included age, body weight, body temperature (BT), animal breath (AB), pulse (PL), conjunctivitis (CJ), hyperlacrimation (HL), hypersalivation (HS), DR, fever, limping leg (LL), emaciation, stomatitis (ST), weakness (WK), and coronitis (CR). In addition, 64 blood samples were taken from cattle that exhibited clinical symptoms of BVD. On the 3rd day of arrival, a blood sample showing positive clinical symptoms was examined using antigen (Ag)-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data from these clinical symptoms were analyzed alongside the laboratory results using multidimensional scale analysis, heatmap distribution, and principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the positive serum samples obtained from the Ag-capture ELISA underwent a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction and molecular detection and genetic characterization of BVDV based on the 5' untranslated region of the viral genome, followed by sequence and phylogenetic tree analyses. Results: Using PCA, 12 clinical symptom characteristics of BVD were determined from 13 clinical symptoms synergized with five cattle positive for Ag-capture ELISA. The clinical symptoms included internal factors such as physiological conditions of CJ, HL, HS, DR, BT, LL, loss of appetite, ST, WK, CR, AB, and PL. The screening test showed that five samples tested positive for the BVD Ag, while 59 tested negative. Phylogenetic tree analysis using a 360-nucleotide portion of the NS5B gene showed that Sample B23F5R had a distinct path compared to the other two samples in the phylogenetic diagram. The profile of sample B23F5R was closely related to BVDV reference subgenotype 1-a group (NCBI, access no. LC068605), with a homology percentage of 92.36%. Furthermore, this sample was similar to the BVDV reference 1-a, Strain 12, identified in Japan. The other two samples, B13F5R and A13F5R, showed close resemblance to the BVDV reference subgenotype 1-a that had been previously identified in Indonesia (NCBI, access no. MK411755), with homology percentages of 97.81% and 97.75%, respectively. Conclusion: The BVDV-1a strain is the main subtype present in beef cattle imported from Australia to West Java, Indonesia. The characteristics of clinical symptoms associated with BVD infection comprised 12 symptoms synergized with the positive sample in the PCA. The present results can facilitate the development of preventive and control measures for BVD circulation in Indonesia.

Dietary supplementation of black rice bran to colon carcinogen-induced mice: Examining the development of colorectal cancer by improving environmental colon conditions.

This research aims to identify the effects of the administration of a black rice bran diet on colorectal cancer in dextran sodium sulfate and azoxymethane-induced BALB/c mice. The research was conducted on three groups consisting of eight Balb/c mice: two groups were fed with carcinogens, and the third group, referred to as the normal group, was supplied with Isotonic NaCl 0.9% intraperitoneally. One group fed with carcinogens was supplied a standard AIN 1993 M diet modified with black rice bran as a substitute of fibre source, while the other two mice groups were fed the standard diet (AIN-93M) containing cellulose fibre. At the 17th week, all mice were euthanized; their colonic sections were taken for histopathological evaluation, and cecum for short-chain fatty acids concentration, total lactic acid bacteria, pH and ß-glucuronidase activity evaluations. The results show an increase in the total lactic acid bacteria and short-chain fatty acids in the mice group fed with rice bran. Consequently, pH value and ß-glucuronidase activity had decreased. Histopathological evaluation of mucosal tissue exhibited inhibition of the tumor growth rate in the mice groups fed rice bran compared to the group supplied with the standard diet. Furthermore, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression had decreased significantly, while expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 had increased notably, in the group fed with a rice bran diet. These results suggest that black rice bran can effectively inhibit colon carcinogenesis. The potential of black rice bran as a source of fibre has not been studied in detail regarding the inhibition mechanism of colorectal cancer cells; further investigation in this field could provide valuable information about new strategies to prevent colorectal cancer. This strand of research is very important to developing preventive methods against cancer and promoting the concept of healthy products, including functional foods.

Intra-articular injection of secretome, derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell, enhances the regeneration process of cartilage in early-stage osteo-arthritis: an animal study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), both endogenous and exogenous, enhance chondrocyte proliferation by stimulating collagen type II. Secretome, an MSC derivate, has shown to also provide this mechanism through a paracrine effect. We aimed to evaluate the use of secretome and MSC in the management of early osteoarthritis (OA). ANIMALS AND METHODS: 19 (1 control) male sheep (Ovies aries), which were operated on with total lateral meniscectomy to induce knee OA, were divided into 3 groups: the secretome group, hyaluronic acid group, and MSC group. Each group was injected with the respective substances and was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. The Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score was calculated for all subjects and a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis was undertaken. RESULTS: The macroscopic analysis of the treated groups revealed better OARSI score in the secretome group compared with the other 2 groups. The secretome group showed a significantly better microscopic score compared with the hyaluronic acid group (mean difference [MD] 6.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-12), but no significant difference compared with the MSC group (MD 1.0, CI -4.8 to 6.8). CONCLUSION: Intra-articular injection of secretome is effective in managing early-stage osteoarthritis in the animal model compared with hyaluronic acid and has similar efficacy to MSC injection.

The Effect of Injection of Secretome of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Articular Cartilage Repair in Sheep Model.

INTRODUCTION: Articular cartilage is an avascular, aneural, and lymphatic tissue with limited capacity to regenerate. Numerous techniques have been employed to repair or regenerate; however, the success rate varies. In fact, most of them result in the formation of fibrocartilage, not hyaline cartilage. The future of treating cartilage defects lies in providing biological solutions through cartilage regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for cartilage regeneration. These cells secrete factors that enhance cartilage repair. This study studied the effects of intra-articular injection of human umbilical cord MSC (hUC-MSC) secretome on cartilage damage in a sheep model. METHODS: Standardized rectangular (5x5 mm) full-thickness chondral defects were created in the lateral femoral condyle of 15 adult sheep and debrided down to the subchondral bone plate. Three treatment groups were tested: 4 microfracture perforations using 1.0mm diameter awls (group 1), intra-articular injection of hUC-MSC secretome (group 2), and a combination of microfracture and intra-articular injection of hUC-MSC secretome (group 3). The osteochondral repair was assessed at 6 months using an established macroscopic and histological analyses. RESULTS: Macroscopically, combined therapy application shows significant cartilage repair improvement compared to microfracture alone (p=0.004). Microscopically, the application of combined therapy shows significant improvement of cartilage repair compared to secretome injection alone (p=0.031). CONCLUSION: Microfracture combined with injection of hUCB-MSCs secretome could be an effective alternative for repairing articular cartilage defects in vivo.

Review of herbal medicine works in the avian species.

Poultry meat consumption is increasing worldwide but the overuse of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of diseases has increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR), triggering a major public health issue. To restrict AMR emergence, the government supports the optimization of natural products that are safe and easy to obtain with minimal side effects on poultry, humans, and the environment. Various studies have explored the potential of herbs in animal health for their antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and body weight gain properties. Therefore, this study reviewed plants with potential application in avian species by summarizing and discussing the mechanisms and prophylactic/therapeutic potential of these compounds and their plant origin extracts.

In vitro antiproliferation activity of Typhonium flagelliforme leaves ethanol extract and its combination with canine interferons on several tumor-derived cell lines.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Tumor disorder is one of the degenerative diseases that affected human and animals and recently is tend to increase significantly. The treatment of tumor diseases can be performed through surgical, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biological substances, and herbs medicine. Typhonium flagelliforme leaves extract known to have an antiproliferation activity, while interferons (IFNs) one of the cytokines that first used as an antiviral agent was also known to have antitumor activity. Nowadays, the treatment of tumors using a traditional way, including the use of herbal substances, becomes popular. Some limitations of the antitumor activity due to resistant development of the cell to some substances were one of the problems on why the treatment of cancer was unsuccessful. This study aimed to elaborate the synergistic effect on the antiproliferation and anti-angiogenesis activities of the combinations between T. flagelliforme leaves ethanol extract and canine natural (natural canine IFN [nCaIFN]) and recombinant (recombinant canine IFN [rCaIFN]) IFNs on tumor-derived cell lines to find the new potential antitumor substances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extraction of T. flagelliforme leaves was performed using the maceration method and followed by phytochemical screening assays. According to the result of LC50 by the brine shrimp lethality test, the dose used for T. flagelliforme extract was 120 ppm while the dose of IFNs was 102 U/ml. The tumor-derived cell lines (canine squamous cell carcinoma [CSCC], canine mammary gland benign mixed tumor/MCM-IPB-B3, and feline squamous cell carcinoma [FSCC]) and normal rabbit endothelial cells were cultured and maintained on Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium DMEM/Ham-F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, antibiotic, and antifungal. The antiproliferation activity was assayed by calculated the total cell number after treated with the tested substances. The antiangiogenesis assay was performed using in vitro method on rabbit normal endothelial cells and in ovo using chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). RESULTS: The phytochemical screening test of the T. flagelliforme leaves ethanol extract indicated that the compound consisted of flavonoid, steroid, and tannin. The antiproliferation activity was increased in the combination of substances compared to the single exposure of each substance on all tested tumor-derived cell lines. There was no significantly different on the antiproliferation activity between a combination of T. flagelliforme with nCaIFN or rCaIFN in every single tested cell lines, but the comparison of this activity among the three tumor-derived cell lines seem that the antiproliferation activity is more effective on CSCC cell lines compared to the canine mammary gland benign mixed tumor and FSCC cell lines. A similar pattern of synergistic effect was also detected on the anti-angiogenesis activity in vitro using rabbit endothelial cells as well as in ovo assays. The most effective of the in vitro and in ovo anti-angiogenesis activity was observed on the combination substances between T. flagelliforme extract and rCaIFN compared to other treatments. CONCLUSION: There was a synergistic effect on the antiproliferation and antiangiogenesis activities of the combination between T. flagelliforme and canine IFNs (natural and recombinant) and this result could be developed as another alternative on the cancer treatments.

The effect of the chitosan-collagen membrane on wound healing process in rat mandibular defect.

BACKGROUND: Collagen and chitosan are potential biomaterials for medical applications; chitosan-collagen membranes are used as a barrier membrane in guided tissue regeneration and guided bone regeneration. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the chitosan-collagen membrane on wound healing in rat mandibular defect by counting the number of fibroblasts and new blood vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As much as 24 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, the treatment and control group. Bone defects were made In the rat mandible with diamond bur with a diameter of 2 mm, then the defect was covered with a chitosan-collagen membrane, and the control group was covered without application of chitosan-collagen membrane. After the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and the 21st day, the defect site was analyzed histologically. The number of fibroblasts and blood vessels was counted under a light microscope, at five fields with ×1000 and ×400 microscope magnification. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: This study was done by using analysis of variance and unpaired t-test. RESULTS: The average number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in the treatment group was higher than the control group. There was a significant difference in the number of fibroblasts on the 3rd and 7th day (P = 0.001; P = 0.001) and the number of blood vessels on the 3rd day (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The chitosan-collagen membrane was able to increase the number of fibroblasts and new blood vessels in the wound healing process.

Plant Sterol Esters in Extruded Food Model Inhibits Colon Carcinogenesis by Suppressing Inflammation and Stimulating Apoptosis.

Plant sterols in their free forms are known to inhibit colon cancer. Whether these activities persist when compounds are incorporated into processed food is not reported yet. This study aimed to test the ability of plant sterol esters (PSE) incorporated into a nonpuffed extruded food (NPE) model to inhibit colon carcinogenesis. PSE was added into NPE at four concentrations (0.0%, 0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1%). PSE-NPE activity was tested in azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced Balb/c mice. The groups given PSE-NPE did not show any colon tumor formation. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that the group fed with 1.4% PSE had the lowest histoscore for cyclooxygenase-2 expression and the highest histoscore for cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-9expressions. The results of this study indicated that even after incorporation into a food system, which is processed using high pressure and temperature, PSE retained its chemopreventive activity. The proposed mechanisms are by suppressing inflammation and inducing apoptosis.

Cytotoxicity and Antiproliferative Activity Assay of Clove Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.) Leaves Extracts.

Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.) is a semiparasitic plant that belongs to Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe was traditionally used for cancer treatment in Indonesia. In the present study, we examined cytotoxicity of clove mistletoe leaves extracts against brine shrimps and conducted their antiproliferative activity on K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia) and MCM-B2 (canine benign mixed mammary) cancer cell lines in vitro. The tested samples were water extract, ethanol extract, ethanol fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction. Cytotoxicity was screened using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Antiproliferative activity was conducted using Trypan Blue Dye Method and cells were counted using haemocytometer. The results showed that n-hexane fraction exhibited significant cytotoxicity with LC50 value of 55.31 µg/mL. The n-hexane fraction was then considered for further examination. The n-hexane fraction of clove mistletoe could inhibit growth of K562 and MCM-B2 cancer cell lines in vitro. The inhibition activity of clove mistletoe n-hexane fraction at concentration of 125 µg/mL on K562 cancer cell lines was 38.69%, while on MCM-B2 it was 41.5%. Therefore, it was suggested that clove mistletoe had potential natural anticancer activity.

The history of the veterinary profession and education in Indonesia.

The beginning of the veterinary profession in Indonesia dates back to the middle of the 19th century. During the Dutch colonization period a development program for large ruminants was started by the 'Nederlandsch-Indië' government. In 1907 this government established a veterinary laboratory, planned by Dr. J.K.F. de Does. The laboratory was then merged with a veterinary training course for Indonesian (bumiputera) 'veterinarians' named 'Cursus tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Veeartsen'. In 1910 the name of the training course was changed to 'Inlandsche Veeartsenschool', and in 1914 the school was named 'Nederlandsch-Indische Veeartsenijschool' (NIVS). During the Japanese occupation (1942-1945) the veterinary school was named 'Bogor Semon Zui Gakko'. After the declaration of independence by Indonesia in August 1945, it became the High School of Veterinary Education. In 1946 the curriculum was extended from 4 to 5 years. Thereafter the school was closed and re-opened a few times due to the changing political circumstances. In 1947 the first Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ('Diergeneeskundige Faculteit') of the University of Indonesia was established in the former building of NIVS at Taman Kencana Campus in Bogor. Between 1948 and 1963, four more veterinary faculties were established in Indonesia: Gajah Mada, Syiahkuala, Airlangga and Udayana. The Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (IVMA) was established on January 9, 1953. The membership now exceeds 20,000 veterinarians and the association has 15 special interest groups. Since 2008, five new faculties of veterinary medicine have been established, bringing the total to 10.