ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Calciphylaxis is associated with a poor prognosis in dialysis patients, and its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Although the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) has been implicated, previous reports are conflicting. We aimed to determine if vitamin K antagonists conferred an increased risk of calciphylaxis in patients on dialysis. METHODS: We performed a single-centre, retrospective cohort study of 2,234 patients receiving dialysis, and compared the characteristics of those with and without calciphylaxis. RESULTS: We identified 5 cases of calciphylaxis (all female) between January 2009 and December 2013. Overall, 142 patients (6.4%) were treated with VKA during the study period. Calciphylaxis was more common in the VKA group (4 of 142 patients, OR = 61, 95% CI 6.7-546, p = 0.0001). VKA was withdrawn in all cases and treatment instituted with sodium thiosulphate, cinacalcet and supportive measures. All patients recovered, although there was one sudden cerebrovascular death during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Treatment with VKA predisposes to the development of calciphylaxis.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/adverse effects , Calciphylaxis/chemically induced , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Vitamin K/antagonists & inhibitors , Adult , Aged , Amputation Stumps/pathology , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Arterioles/pathology , Calciphylaxis/epidemiology , Calciphylaxis/pathology , Cohort Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Female , Humans , Kidney Transplantation , Male , Middle Aged , Renal Replacement Therapy , Retrospective Studies , Venous Thrombosis/complications , Venous Thrombosis/drug therapyABSTRACT
We have previously reported the pattern of cellular expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) in human kidney and their altered expression in transplant rejection. We have extended our studies to examine the expression of Silencer of Death Domains (SODD), a protein that binds to the cytoplasmic portion of TNFR1 to inhibit signaling in the absence of ligand. In normal human kidney SODD is expressed in glomerular endothelial cells where it colocalizes with TNFR1. During acute rejection both SODD and TNFR1 are lost from glomeruli, but we found strong expression of SODD on the luminal surface of tubular epithelial cells. This occurs in the absence of detectable TNFR1 expression, suggesting that SODD could interact with other proteins at these sites. Several other members of the TNF superfamily, including Fas and death receptors (DR)-3, -4, and -5, also contain intracellular death domains, but SODD only interacts with the death domain of DR3. We therefore studied the expression of DR3 in human kidney, and report that this death receptor is up-regulated in renal tubular epithelial cells and endothelial cells of some interlobular arteries, in parallel with SODD, during acute transplant rejection. In less severe rejection episodes, DR3 and SODD were more focally induced, generally at sites of mononuclear cell infiltrates. In ischemic allografts, eg, with acute tubular necrosis but no cellular rejection, DR3 was induced on tubular epithelial cells and on glomerular endothelial cells. These data confirm that TNF receptor family members are expressed in a regulated manner during renal transplant rejection, and identify DR3 as a potential inducible mediator of tubular inflammation and injury.
Subject(s)
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Graft Rejection/metabolism , Kidney Transplantation , Kidney/physiology , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism , Animals , Antigens, CD/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , In Situ Hybridization , Keratins/metabolism , Kidney/ultrastructure , Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25 , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type ISubject(s)
Autoimmunity/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Cell Adhesion Molecules , Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology , Animals , Antigens, CD/immunology , Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology , Antigens, Surface/immunology , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins , Humans , Lectins/immunology , Mice , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor , Receptors, IgG/immunology , Self Tolerance/immunology , Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2ABSTRACT
Inhibitory receptors CD22, Fc gamma RII (CD32), CD72, and paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (PIR)-B are critically involved in negatively regulating the B cell immune response and in preventing autoimmunity. Here we show that interleukin 4 (IL-4) reduces expression of all four on activated B cells at the level of messenger RNA and protein. This reduced expression is dependent on continuous exposure to IL-4 and is mediated through Stat6. Coligation of Fc gamma RII to the B cell receptor (BCR) via intact IgG increases the B cell activation threshold and suppresses antigen presentation. IL-4 completely abolishes these negative regulatory effects of Fc gamma RII. CD22 coligation with the BCR also suppresses activation -- this suppression too is abolished by IL-4. Thus, IL-4 is likely to enhance the B cell immune response by releasing B cells from inhibitory receptor suppression. By this coordinate reduction in expression of inhibitory receptors, and release from CD22 and Fc gamma RII-mediated inhibition, IL-4 is likely to play a role in T cell help of B cells and the development of T helper cell type 2 responses. Conversely, B cell activation in the absence of IL-4 would be more difficult to achieve, contributing to the maintenance of B cell tolerance in the absence of T cell help.
