ABSTRACT
The proliferative and invasive nature of malignant cancers drives lethality. In glioblastoma, these two processes are presumed mutually exclusive and hence termed "go or grow." We identified a molecular target that shuttles between these disparate cellular processes-the molecular motor KIF11. Inhibition of KIF11 with a highly specific small-molecule inhibitor stopped the growth of the more treatment-resistant glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells (TICs, or cancer stem cells) as well as non-TICs and impeded tumor initiation and self-renewal of the TIC population. Targeting KIF11 also hit the other arm of the "go or grow" cell fate decision by reducing glioma cell invasion. Administration of a KIF11 inhibitor to mice bearing orthotopic glioblastoma prolonged their survival. In its role as a shared molecular regulator of cell growth and motility across intratumoral heterogeneity, KIF11 is a compelling therapeutic target for glioblastoma.
Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Self Renewal , Glioblastoma/pathology , Kinesins/metabolism , Mitosis , Animals , Brain Neoplasms/metabolism , Carcinogenesis/metabolism , Carcinogenesis/pathology , Cell Movement , Cell Proliferation , Cell Survival , Disease Models, Animal , Glioblastoma/metabolism , Humans , Kinesins/antagonists & inhibitors , Microtubules/metabolism , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology , Polymerization , Prognosis , Survival Analysis , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is a key regulatory process in cell cycle progression. The Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) and anaphase-promoting complex (APC) ubiquitin ligases target numerous components of the cell cycle machinery for destruction. Throughout the cell cycle, these ligases cooperate to maintain precise levels of key regulatory proteins, and indirectly, each other. Recently, we have identified the deubiquitinase USP37 as a regulator of the cell cycle. USP37 expression is cell cycle-regulated, being expressed in late G(1) and ubiquitinated by APC(Cdh1) in early G(1). Here we report that in addition to destruction at G(1), a major fraction of USP37 is degraded at the G(2)/M transition, prior to APC substrates and similar to SCF(ßTrCP) substrates. Consistent with this hypothesis, USP37 interacts with components of the SCF in a ßTrCP-dependent manner. Interaction with ßTrCP and subsequent degradation is phosphorylation-dependent and is mediated by the Polo-like kinase (Plk1). USP37 is stabilized in G(2) by depletion of ßTrCP as well as chemical or genetic manipulation of Plk1. Similarly, mutation of the phospho-sites abolishes ßTrCP binding and renders USP37 resistant to Plk1 activity. Expression of this mutant hinders the G(2)/M transition. Our data demonstrate that tight regulation of USP37 levels is required for proper cell cycle progression.
