[Relationship of subclinical atherosclerosis indicators to exercise tolerance in patients with coronary heart disease].

AIM: To study the spread of a number of indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and the pattern of their relationship to their functional state and muscle mass. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with chronic forms of CHD were examined. Vascular wall stiffness was judged from pulse wave velocity (PWV) along elastic-type vessels, by calculating the carotid-femoral index (CFI). Endothelial function was estimated by endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV) in a reactive hyperemia test. Ultrasound scanning of the common carotid artery was used to estimate intima-media thickness. All the patients underwent bicycle ergometry; their exercise tolerance (ET) was determined by the amount of consumed oxygen when the metabolic equivalent (MET) was calculated; the percentages of active cell mass (ACM%) and lean mass (LM%) of total body weight were determined; the levels of total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated. A control group comprised 20 matched persons without CHD. RESULTS: A prognostically unfavorable increase of >12 m/sec in CFI was revealed in 20% of the patients with CHD and in 10% of the controls; endothelial vasomotor dysfunction (EDV < 10%) in 65 and 50%; a more than 0.9-mm increase in 55 and 15%, respectively. A low ET was stated in the majority of patients with abnormal vascular stiffness and endothelial vasomotor dysfunction. The CHD patients with a low ET were found to have significant correlations of CFI with ACM% and LM%, EDV and ACM% and LM%, CFI and EDV. The control patients with a low ET also showed correlations of EDV and ACM% and LM%. There was a correlation of ACM% and LM% with MET in both groups. CONCLUSION: EDV and PWV reflect a more decrease in physical activity and dysadapted functional status than in the degree of subclinical atherosclerosis.

[The role of the thrombocyte-activating factor in inhibiting Na+,K(+)-ATPase in different tissues after ischemia and reperfusion of the small intestine]. / Rol' trombotsitaktiviruiushchego faktora v ingibirovanii Na+,K(+)-ATP-azy v razlichnykh tkaniakh posle ishemii i reperfuzii tonkoi kishki.

Activity of transport Na+, K(+)-ATP-ase has been studied both in the ischemia-affected proximal section of the small intestine and in tissues which did not endure ischemia (the brain, renal cortex and the distal part of the small intestine) in dynamics 5, 30 and 60 min, after reperfusion of the ischemized small intestine of rats. It is shown that after 30 min-long ischemia of the small intestine, the Na+, K(+)-ATP-ase activity is inhibited in all the tissues mentioned. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme activity after 30 min long reperfusion is 74, 34, 94 and 58% for the brain, renal cortex, proximal and distal sections of the small intestine, respectively. It has been found that the blood serum from ischemized rats also exerts an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. Application of inhibitor of the thrombocyte-activating factor (TAF) BN52021 has permitted demonstrating its role in the protecting effect under conditions of Na+, K(+)-ATP-ase inhibition in the post-Ischemic period and inhibitory effect of the blood serum from ischemized rats on the enzyme activity. A conclusion is made that the TAF participated in the inhibitory effect of Na+, K(+)-ATP-ase activity in different tissues after ischemia of the small intestine of rats.

[The use of Smecta for the treatment of the basic digestive tract diseases]. / Primenenie smekty dlia lecheniia osnovnykh zabolevanii pishchevaritel'nogo kanala.

The indices for the gastric contents aggression and protection ratio returned to normal in patients with peptic ulcer and preulcerous condition during the treatment with smekta due to a decrease in proteolytic activity and increase in the synthesis of the mucus protective proteins. Monitoring of intragastric pH in the body of the stomach throughout 24 hours in patients with peptic ulcer of duodenal location revealed significant acid-neutralizing effect of smekta. Patients with nonspecific ulcerous colitis enjoyed freedom of side effects as a result of the use of salofalk and derived full therapeutic benefit from this treatment. Under the effect of smekta there occurred suppression of the growth of pathogenic proteolytic flora, improvement of qualitative properties of coli flora and growth of sugar-lytic flora in patients with intestinal dysbiosis. According to the data available, smekta strengthens the mucous barrier by improving the conformation of the mucus structural elements.

[Release of an endogenous Na+, K+-ATPase into the blood during hypoosmotic stimulation of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in rats]. / Vysvobozhdenie v krov' éndogennogo aktivatora Na+, K+-ATP-azy pri gipoosmoticheskoi stimuliatsii slizistoi zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta krys.

An endogenous activator (EA) of Na+, K(+)-ATPase was found in the rat blood serum in the in vivo experiments. EA appeared after intragastric introduction of mannitol hypotonic (20 mmol/l) solution (1.5% b. w.) and activated enzyme of the intact rat enterocytes. EA retained its effect on Na+, K(+)-ATPase after heating during 10 min up to 100 degrees C. This endogenous activator is thermally stable and belongs to low molecular compounds with the molecular weight of 10 kDa. It is supposed that EA can participate in the water-salt humoral regulation after loading the organism with hypoosmotic solutions.

[Osmotic actions on the epithelial Na,K pump of the small intestine]. / Osmoticheskie vozdeistviia na Na,K-nasos épiteliia tonkoi kishki.

Intragastric administration of mannitol or NaCl hypotonic solution induced a significant shift of the electrolyte balance in the small intestine epithelium, and activated the enterocytes' Na,K pump in Wistar rats. De-ionised water caused the maximal enhancement of the Na,K-ATPase activity, whereas hypertonic solutions exerted the opposite effect, a substance-inhibitor appearing in the blood serum. Similar results were obtained in vitro. The possibility of the Na,K-pump regulation by enterocytes and the role of small intestine in secretion of an endogenous factor regulating this enzyme's activity, is discussed.

[Direct and indirect effects of mineral water Naftusia and its components on the sodium-potassium pump of the small-intestinal epithelium in rats]. / Priamoe i oposredovannoe deistvie mineral'noi vody naftusi i ee komponentov na natrii-kalievyi nasos épiteliia tonkoi kishki krysy.

Experiments on rats have shown that intragastric single introduction of mineral water Naftusia to animals in a dose of 1.5% of the body weight of animals induces sodium accumulation in the small intestine epithelium, that is a result of Na(+)-, K(+)-pump inhibition by fatty acids of this water. Naftusia absorption induces appearance of inhibitors of Na(+)-, K(+)-ATPase enzymic system in blood serum of rats. Artificial salt Naftusia analog (ASNA) has induced contrary changes in the water-electrolytic balance and activated Na(+)-, K(+)-ATPase. Blood serum of ASNA-loaded rats acquired ability to activate Na(+)-, K(+)-pump of epitheliocytes in intact rats.

[Electrical characteristics of the epithelial tissue and cells of the carp and frog gallbladder]. / Elektricheskie kharakteristiki épitelial'noi tkani i kletok zhelchnogo puzyria karpa i liagushki.

Transepithelial potential and resistance, the ratio of resistance of the apical to the basal cell membranes (Ra/Rb) were studied during transmural current clamps in isolated frog and fish gall-bladder (GB) with Ringer's solution on both sides. The findings show that: 1) the difference between the mucosal and serosal membrane potentials (MPs) was 3-8 mV as determined by transmural potential; 2) the ratio Ra/Rb depends on the MP value: it was less than 1 if MP was about 30 mV, and more than 1 if MP was over 30 mV; 3) outward and inward current clamps (about 20 microA/0.3 cm2) produced linear changes of MP on both apical and basal membranes; at high currents (40-60 microA/0.3 cm2) linear dependence is distorted especially for apical membrane whose conductance abruptly increases during current clamps.

[Effect of noradrenaline on ion and water transport through frog gall bladder epithelium]. / Vliianie noradrenalina na perenos ionov i vody cherez épitelii zhelchnogo puzyria liagushki.

In experiments on isolated gallbladders (GB) of frogs it was established that noradrenaline in concentration of 6.10(-9)--3.10(-4) M acting on the organ from the serosalsurface causes firstly a short increase and then -- a prolonged inhibition of the absorption rate of NaCl -- isotonic fluid from the gall bladder cavity. While the concentration of the mediator increases in the inculation medium, its inhibiting effect increases too. Depression, and at high concentration in the medium, full inhibition of the process of fluid absorption is accompanied with distinct decrease of Na--, K--ATPase activity of gall bladder epithelial cells. Mediator in concentration of 3.10(-8) M caused an increase of membrane potential of the epithelial cells, while its increasing in the inculation medium to 3.10(-6) M caused a decrease of the transmembrane potential difference. Under the noradrenaline influence the increase of the osmotic permeability of the gall bladder's wall for the water flow directed from the mucosa to the serosalsurface of the organ took place, and also the decrease of the wall's permeability for the water flow in the opposite direction was seen. It was concluded that the noradrenaline inhibitory action on the process of absorption of NaCl--isotonic fluid from the gall bladder cavity was observed because of the decrease of the Na--K--ATPase activity, and also because of the change of the permeability of epithelium for the passive ion and water transport.

[Effect of oxytocin on the electrical potential and ion permeability of the apical membrane of frog gall bladder epithelial cells]. / Vliianie oksitotsina na élektricheskii potentsial i ionnuiu pronitsaemost' apikal'noi membrany kletok épitheliia zhelchnogo puzyria liagushki.

The influence of oxytocin on the intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, the level of transmembrane potential differences, and on the relative ionic permeability (PNa/PK) of the apical zones of the superficial epithelium membrane was studied in experiments on the isolated frog gallbladder (GB). Oxytocine introduced into the outer incubation solution in a dose of 20 mulliunits/ml caused a reduction of transmembrane potential difference, and an increase of PNa/pk coefficient and an insignificant shift of the Na+ and K+ concentrations in the intracellular medium. Thirty minutes after the oxytocine action of the organ the membrane potential (MP) of the cells decreased from 52.7 mV to 38.7 mV (the cell is negatively charged inside), and PNa/PK increased from 0,083 (control) to 0,175 (test) with a simultaneous increase in the intracellular Na+ concentration by 18.3 milliequiv./kg of (H2O)i. Such a shift in the intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations may cause a decrease of the MP by only--0.7 mV, but actually the membrane potential decreased by--14.0 mV. Thus, the reduction of the transmembrane potential difference results from increase of PNa/PK under the influence of oxytocine. No electrogenic ionic transport through the apical membrane of frog gallbladder epithelial cells was revealed.