Recent advances in the synthesis of dibenzofurans.

This review reports recent accesses to the dibenzofuran nucleus described in the literature since 2008. This article starts with synthesizing dibenzofurans by creating the C-O bond of the furan ring. In the following section, we evoke the formation of dibenzofurans by cyclizing diarylether derivatives. The last part of this update concerns the construction of dibenzofurans from benzofuran or phenol derivatives. Representative examples showing the scope of these processes illustrate new approaches and biological activities of dibenzofurans. Reaction mechanisms explaining certain dibenzofuran formation are described, as suggested by their authors.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinoline-2-carbonitrile-based hydroxamic acids as dual tubulin polymerization and histone deacetylases inhibitors.

A series of quinoline and quinazoline analogs were designed and synthesized as new tubulin polymerization (TP) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors. Compounds 12a and 12d showed the best cytotoxicity activities against a panel of human cancer cell lines with an averaged IC50 value of 0.6 and 0.7 nM, respectively. Furthermore, these lead compounds showed good activities against CA-4-resistant colon-carcinoma and multidrug-resistant leukemia cells. In addition, compounds 12a and 12d induced HT29 cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and produced caspase-induced apoptosis of HT29 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction. Also, 12a and 12d inhibited HDAC8, 6, and 11 activities. Furthermore, lead compound 12a exhibited higher metabolic stability than isoCA-4 and was highly potent in suppressing tumor growth in the fibrosarcoma MCA205 tumor model. Collectively, these studies suggest that 12a represents a new dual inhibitor of TP and HDAC activities, which makes it a suitable candidate for further investigations in clinical development.

High-Throughput Screening for Extracellular Inhibitors of the FLT3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Reveals Chemically Diverse and Druggable Negative Allosteric Modulators.

Inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinases is commonly achieved by two main strategies targeting either the intracellular kinase domain by low molecular weight compounds or the extracellular ligand-binding domain by monoclonal antibodies. Identifying small molecules able to inhibit RTKs at the extracellular level would be highly desirable to gain exquisite selectivity but is believed to be challenging owing to the size of RTK endogenous ligands (cytokines, growth factors) and the topology of RTK extracellular domains. We here report the high-throughput screening of the French Chemical Library (48K compounds) for extracellular inhibitors of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor tyrosine kinase, by a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence competition assay. A total of 679 small molecular weight ligands (1.4%) were confirmed to strongly inhibit (>75%) the binding of the fluorescent labeled FLT3 ligand (FL cytokine) to FLT3 overexpressed in HEK-293 cells, at two different concentrations (5 and 20 µM). Concentration-response curves, obtained for 111 lead-like molecules, confirmed the unexpected tolerance of the FLT3 extracellular domain for low molecular weight druggable inhibitors exhibiting submicromolar potencies, chemical diversity, and promising pharmacokinetic properties. Further investigation of one hit confirmed inhibitory properties in dorsal root ganglia neurons and in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.

Pd-Catalyzed Coupling of N-Tosylhydrazones with Benzylic Phosphates: Toward the Synthesis of Di- or Tri-Substituted Alkenes.

This study shows that various di- and tri-substituted alkenes with high chemoselectivity were obtained in good to high yields by coupling N-tosylhydrazones (NTHs) with benzylic phosphates as electrophilic partners. The obtained new catalytic system consisted of PdCl2(CH3CN)2/dppp, LiOtBu as a base, and cyclopentyl methyl ether as a green solvent. In addition, we performed a gram-scale transformation using NTH derivatives and benzylic phosphates having a C sp2-Cl bond. The latter was used as a starting point for further postfunctionalization of the key intermediates.

Synthesis and Biological Activities of Pyrazino[1,2-a]indole and Pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1-one Derivatives.

This review concerns the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles and pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1-ones reported since 1997 and the discovery of biological activity of pyrazinoindole derivatives. In the first part, we first presented the synthetic routes that have been reported from a methodological point of view to access the pyrazinoindole unit according to cyclization reactions using or not using metal catalysts. Then, syntheses and neuropsychiatric, auto-immune, anti-infectious and anti-cancer properties of pyrazinoindoles were detailed. In the second part, we first reported the main accesses to pyrazinoindol-1-one substrates according to Michael reactions, metal-catalyzed and metal-free cyclization reactions. The syntheses and anti-cancer, anti-infectious, anti-allergenic and neuropsychiatric properties of pyrazinoindolones were next described and discussed.

Synthesis of Oxazino[4,3-a]indoles and biological applications.

This review brings together the various pathways to the oxazino[4,3-a]indole motif over the last decades. Representative examples showing the scope of these processes will illustrate the synthetic pathways and the biological activity of the synthesized oxazinoindoles will be mentioned wherever possible.

Anticancer properties of indole derivatives as IsoCombretastatin A-4 analogues.

In this study, a variety of original ligands related to Combretastatin A-4 and isoCombretastatin A-4, able to inhibit the tubulin polymerization into microtubules, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Our lead compound 15d having a quinazoline as A-ring and a 2-substituted indole as B-ring separated by a N-methyl linker displayed a remarkable sub-nanomolar level of cytotoxicity (IC50 < 1 nM) against 9 human cancer cell lines.

Copper-catalyzed sulfonylation of N-tosylhydrazones followed by a one-pot C-N bond formation.

A new methodology to synthesize sulfonyl-N-phenylaniline derivatives via the trapping of bromo-sulfone derivatives generated from N-tosylhydrazones (NTHs) with amines is described. The reaction proved successful for a wide range of NTHs and amines and tolerated various functional groups on either coupling partner (35 examples). The mechanism was studied, and we showed that the sulfone formation does not follow a radical pathway.

Recent advances in the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]indoles.

The pyrido[1,2-a]indole unit found in many organic compounds such as natural products, pharmaceuticals, and materials, has intensively stimulated the research of new synthetic pathways giving access to this heterocyclic nucleus in very recent years. In this review, the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]indoles will be divided into two parts, which concern accesses to this skeleton using or not metal catalysis.

Cyclic bridged analogs of isoCA-4: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation.

In this work, a series of cyclic bridged analogs of isocombretastatin A-4 (isoCA-4) with phenyl or pyridine linkers were designed and synthesized. The synthesis of the desired analogs was performed by the formation of nitro-vinyl intermediates, followed by a Cadogan cyclization. Structure activity relationship (SAR) study demonstrates the critical role of the combination of quinaldine as ring A, pyridine as the linker, and indole as ring B in the same molecule, for the cytotoxic activity. Among all tested compounds, compound 42 showed the highest antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cell lines with average IC50 values of 5.6 nM. Also, compound 42 showed high antiproliferative activity against the MDR1-overexpressing K562R cell line; thus, it was 1.5- and 12-fold more active than the reference compounds, isoCA-4 and CA-4, respectively. Moreover, 42 displayed a strong antiproliferative activity against the colon-carcinoma cells (HT-29), which are resistant to combretastatin A-4 and isoCA-4, and it was found to be 8000-fold more active than natural CA-4. Compound 42 also effectively inhibited tubulin polymerization both in vitro and in cells, and induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Next, we demonstrated that compound 42 dose-dependently caused caspase-induced apoptosis of K562 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we evaluated the effect of compound 42 in human no cancer cells compared to the reference compound. We demonstrated that 42 was 73 times less cytotoxic than isoCA-4 in quiescent peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). In summary, these results suggest that compound 42 represents a promising tubulin inhibitor worthy of further investigation.

Synthesis and Anticancer Properties of Oxazepines Related to Azaisoerianin and IsoCoQuines.

In this article, we report the synthesis and biological properties of a series of novel oxazepines related to isoCA-4 having significant antitumor properties. Among them, three oxazepin-9-ol derivatives display a nanomolar or a sub-nanomolar cytotoxicity level against five human cancer cell lines (HCT116, U87, A549, MCF7, and K562). It was demonstrated that the lead compound in this series inhibits tubulin assembly with an IC50 value of 1 µM and totally arrests the cellular cycle in the G2/M phase at the low concentration of 5 nM in HCT116 and K562 cells. Molecular modeling studies perfectly corroborates these promising results.

Developments of isoCombretastatin A-4 derivatives as highly cytotoxic agents.

Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a natural anti-cancer agent isolated in 1989 from the African willow tree, Combretum caffrum. Due to its chemical simplicity, this (Z)-stilbene has been the subject of many structural modifications mainly to improve its chemical and metabolic stability. Beside a large number of synthetic analogues, isoCombretastatin A-4 (isoCA-4), has proved to be a solution of choice since this non-natural isomer of CA-4 is stable, easier to synthesize and has equivalent antitumor properties as CA-4. In this review, we will present the structure-activity relationships (SARs) around isoCA-4 since its discovery in 2007. In a first part, we will describe some alternatives to replace the phenol B-ring of isoCA-4, then we will focus on the variations made on the 1,1-ethylene double bond and then, we will evocate very recent exiting results concerning the possible replacements of the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl A-ring of isoCA-4 by suitable heterocycles.

Synthesis of 2,3-Substituted ß-N-Glycosyl Indoles through C-H Activation/Annulation Process under Rh(III)-Catalysis.

An efficient and selective C-H activation method of readily available ß-N-aryl glycosides with various alkynes has been established. Using [Cp*RhCl2]2 as a catalyst and AgSbF6 in DCE, this protocol proved to be general to prepare a variety of 2,3-substituted N-glycosyl indoles in good yields.

N,N-bis-heteroaryl methylamines: Potent anti-mitotic and highly cytotoxic agents.

The synthesis and evaluation of a series of N,N-bis-heterocyclic-methylamines 1 as isoazaerianin analogues are described. It was demonstrated that the replacement of the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl A-ring present in CA-4, isoCA-4 and isoazaerianin by a quinoline or a quinazoline ring is possible and often beneficiary for a high level of cytotoxicity. We have also showed that a carbazole or an indole nucleus are very effective as B-rings in this series, leading to anti-cancer drugs 1 having a sub-nanomolar level of cytotoxicity (1a: IC50 = 70 pM against HCT116 cells). 1a also display a high level of cytotoxicity against four other human cancer cells and inhibited tubulin assembly at a micromolar level. Moreover, at a concentration of 5 nM, 1a arrested the cellular cycle in G2/M phase of the cellular cycle and induced apoptosis of HCT116 cells. It was also showed that after few hours 1a at a concentration of 10 nM totally disrupted endothelial network formation on Matrigel.

Unexpected Oxidative Ring Opening of Electron-Rich 3-Aminobenzofurans into α-Ketoimines Derivatives.

An unexpected ring opening of 3-aminobenzofurans promoted by NaO tBu in hot toluene, leading to a variety of α-ketoimines, is described. In the presence of 3-iodobenzofurans, NaO tBu mediates the 3-aminobenzofurans ring opening via a possible radical pathway without the help of any external radical sources.

1,1-Diheterocyclic Ethylenes Derived from Quinaldine and Carbazole as New Tubulin-Polymerization Inhibitors: Synthesis, Metabolism, and Biological Evaluation.

We report the synthesis and metabolic and biological evaluation of a series of 17 novel heterocyclic derivatives of isocombretastatin-A4 (iso-CA-4) and their structure-activity relationships. Among these derivatives, the most active compound, 4f, inhibited the growth of a panel of seven cancer cell lines with an IC50 in the low nanomolar range. In addition, 4f showed interesting activity against CA-4-resistant colon-carcinoma cells and multidrug-resistant leukemia cells. It also induced G2/M cell-cycle arrest. Structural data indicated binding of 4f to the colchicine site of tubulin, likely preventing the curved-to-straight tubulin structural changes that occur during microtubule assembly. Also, 4f disrupted the blood-vessel-like assembly formed by human umbilical-vein endothelial cells in vitro, suggesting its function as a vascular-disrupting agent. An in vitro metabolism study of 4f showed its high human-microsomal stability in comparison with that of iso-CA-4. The physicochemical properties of 4f may be conducive to CNS permeability, suggesting that this compound may be a possible candidate for the treatment of glioblastoma.

One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Styrylindoles from Ortho-Substituted Chloroenynes.

A facile one-pot synthesis of 2-styrylindoles, through Suzuki arylation of ortho-substituted chloroenynes followed by N-cyclization and N-demethylation, has been developed. A variety of 2-styrylindoles were obtained in good to excellent yields and were evaluated for their anticancer properties.

PtO2/PTSA system catalyzed regioselective hydration of internal arylalkynes bearing electron withdrawing groups.

A highly efficient PtO2/PTSA catalyst system for the hydration of a wide array of alkynes was developed. This method proved to be compatible with a large range of functional groups and the ketone products were obtained in high yields. The scope of this methodology was also extended to the synthesis of 3-aryl-isochromenones, -indoles and -benzofurans.

Design, synthesis and anticancer properties of IsoCombretaQuinolines as potent tubulin assembly inhibitors.

The synthesis and evaluation of a new series of IsoCombretaQuinolines (IsoCoQuines) 2 with a 2-substituted-quinoline in place of the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl ring present in isoCA-4 and CA-4 are described. Most of these compounds displayed a potent cytotoxic activity (IC50 < 10 nM) against a panel of five human cancer cell lines and inhibited tubulin assembly at a micromolar level. The most potent analogue 2b, having a 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl as B-ring, led to cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Docking studies indicate that 2b showed a binding mode comparable to those previously observed with quinazoline analogous (IsoCoQ) and with isoCA-4 at the colchicine binding site of tubulin.

Selective Metal-Free Deoxygenation of Unsymmetrical 1,2-Dicarbonyl Compounds by Chlorotrimethylsilane and Sodium Iodide.

For the first time, the combination of chlorotrimethylsilane with NaI is used as a selective reducting system toward 1,2-diketones. This combination is successfully evaluated with several unsymmetrically benzil derivatives, which are reduced in good yields and with a total α-regioselectivity at room temperature. Identification of benzoin intermediates is achieved, and a mechanistic radical process is proposed.