Flapping Soft Fin Deformation Modeling using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging.

Propulsive mechanisms inspired by the fins of various fish species have been increasingly researched, given their potential for improved maneuvering and stealth capabilities in unmanned vehicle systems. Soft materials used in the membranes of these fin mechanisms have proven effective at increasing thrust and efficiency compared with more rigid structures, but it is essential to measure and model the deformations in these soft membranes accurately. This study presents a workflow for characterizing the time-dependent shape deformation of flexible underwater flapping fins using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Pigmented polydimethylsiloxane fin membranes with varying stiffnesses (0.38 MPa and 0.82 MPa) are fabricated and mounted to an assembly for actuation in two degrees of freedom: pitch and roll. PLIF images are acquired across a range of spanwise planes, processed to obtain fin deformation profiles, and combined to reconstruct time-varying 3D deformed fin shapes. The data are then used to provide high-fidelity validation for fluid-structure interaction simulations and improve the understanding of the performance of these complex propulsion systems.

Platinum Nanoparticle Decorated SiO2 Microfibers as Catalysts for Micro Unmanned Underwater Vehicle Propulsion.

Micro unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) need to house propulsion mechanisms that are small in size but sufficiently powerful to deliver on-demand acceleration for tight radius turns, burst-driven docking maneuvers, and low-speed course corrections. Recently, small-scale hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) propulsion mechanisms have shown great promise in delivering pulsatile thrust for such acceleration needs. However, the need for robust, high surface area nanocatalysts that can be manufactured on a large scale for integration into micro UUV reaction chambers is still needed. In this report, a thermal/electrical insulator, silicon oxide (SiO2) microfibers, is used as a support for platinum nanoparticle (PtNP) catalysts. The mercapto-silanization of the SiO2 microfibers enables strong covalent attachment with PtNPs, and the resultant PtNP-SiO2 fibers act as a robust, high surface area catalyst for H2O2 decomposition. The PtNP-SiO2 catalysts are fitted inside a micro UUV reaction chamber for vehicular propulsion; the catalysts can propel a micro UUV for 5.9 m at a velocity of 1.18 m/s with 50 mL of 50% (w/w) H2O2. The concomitance of facile fabrication, economic and scalable processing, and high performance-including a reduction in H2O2 decomposition activation energy of 40-50% over conventional material catalysts-paves the way for using these nanostructured microfibers in modern, small-scale underwater vehicle propulsion systems.

High Aspect Ratio Carbon Nanotube Membranes Decorated with Pt Nanoparticle Urchins for Micro Underwater Vehicle Propulsion via H2O2 Decomposition.

The utility of unmanned micro underwater vehicles (MUVs) is paramount for exploring confined spaces, but their spatial agility is often impaired when maneuvers require burst-propulsion. Herein we develop high-aspect ratio (150:1), multiwalled carbon nanotube microarray membranes (CNT-MMs) for propulsive, MUV thrust generation by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The CNT-MMs are grown via chemical vapor deposition with diamond shaped pores (nominal diagonal dimensions of 4.5 × 9.0 µm) and subsequently decorated with urchin-like, platinum (Pt) nanoparticles via a facile, electroless, chemical deposition process. The Pt-CNT-MMs display robust, high catalytic ability with an effective activation energy of 26.96 kJ mol(-1) capable of producing a thrust of 0.209 ± 0.049 N from 50% [w/w] H2O2 decomposition within a compact reaction chamber of eight Pt-CNT-MMs in series.

Platinum-paper micromotors: an urchin-like nanohybrid catalyst for green monopropellant bubble-thrusters.

Platinum nanourchins supported on microfibrilated cellulose films (MFC) were fabricated and evaluated as hydrogen peroxide catalysts for small-scale, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) propulsion systems. The catalytic substrate was synthesized through the reduction of chloroplatinic acid to create a thick film of Pt coral-like microstructures coated with Pt urchin-like nanowires that are arrayed in three dimensions on a two-dimensional MFC film. This organic/inorganic nanohybrid displays high catalytic ability (reduced activation energy of 50-63% over conventional materials and 13-19% for similar Pt nanoparticle-based structures) during hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposition as well as sufficient propulsive thrust (>0.5 N) from reagent grade H2O2 (30% w/w) fuel within a small underwater reaction vessel. The results demonstrate that these layered nanohybrid sheets are robust and catalytically effective for green, H2O2-based micro-AUV propulsion where the storage and handling of highly explosive, toxic fuels are prohibitive due to size-requirements, cost limitations, and close person-to-machine contact.