The overall quality of evidence of recommendations surrounding nutrition and diet in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Recently, there has been an increased focus on the role nutrition and diet play in maintaining health in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to assess the overall quality, strength, and transparency of conflicts among guidelines on nutrition/diet in IBD. METHODS: A systematic search was performed on multiple databases from inception until January 1, 2021, to identify guidelines pertaining to nutrition or diet in IBD. All guidelines were reviewed for disclosure of conflicts of interest (COI) and funding, recommendation quality and strength, external document review, patient representation, and plans for update-as per Institute of Medicine (IOM) standards. In addition, recommendations and their quality were compared between guidelines/societies.​ RESULTS: Seventeen distinct societies and a total of 228 recommendations were included. Not all guidelines provided recommendations on key aspects of diet-such as the role of supplements or the appropriate micro/macro nutrition in IBD. Fifty-nine percent of guidelines reported on COI, 24% underwent external review, and 41% included patient representation. 18.4%, 25.9%, and 55.7% of recommendations were based on high-, moderate-, and low-quality evidence, respectively. 10.5%, 24.6%, and 64.9% of recommendations were strong, weak/conditional, and did not provide a strength, respectively. The proportion of high-quality evidence (p = 0.12) and strong recommendations (p = 0.83) did not significantly differ across societies. CONCLUSIONS: Many guidelines do not provide recommendations on key aspects of diet/nutrition in IBD. As over 50% of recommendations are based on low-quality evidence, further studies on nutrition/diet in IBD are warranted to improve the overall quality of evidence.

A Comparative Study on Social Media Usage and Health Status among Students Studying in Pre-University Colleges of Urban Bengaluru.

INTRODUCTION: Social Media usage is a "global consumer phenomenon" with an exponential rise within the past few years. The use of social media websites is among the common activity for today's adolescents, they are sometimes overused/misused, which may lead to social media addiction. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess and compare the prevalence of social media addiction between Government and Private Pre-University (PU) college study subjects, to assess the health problems related to social media usage among the study subjects, and to assess the various factors associated with social media addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Government and Private PU colleges situated in a selected ward of urban Bengaluru city through multistage sampling. A total of 1870 study subjects were recruited. A scale was developed to assess social media addiction. RESULTS: The prevalence of social media addiction was 36.9% among users, distributed equally among private and Government PUs. The most common health problem identified was strain on eyes (38.4%), anger (25.5%), and sleep disturbance (26.1%). Being a male, the habit of smoking, alcohol, and tobacco, consumption of junk food, having ringxiety and selfitis were found to be significant risk factors for social media addiction. CONCLUSION: Social media addiction was found in over one-thirds of subjects and majority had mild addiction.

A Comparative Study On Social Media Addiction Between Public And Private High School Students Of Urban Bengaluru, India

Objective: Social media usage is a global consumer phenomenon that has risen exponentially in the last few years. Published Indian studies on social media addiction are scarce and social media associated health issues are an emerging health problem in India. Objectives: To assess and compare social media addiction between private and public high-school students and to assess health problems related to social media usage across these groups. Methods: This crosssectional study was completed in 2016. It was conducted in five private and five public high schools across wards of Bengaluru city that were selected by simple random sampling. The subjects were students studying in grades 8, 9 and 10 (aged between 12 and 16 years). A total of 760 subjects were recruited, 380 from public and 380 from private high schools. They were administered a pretested, semi-structured, self-administrated questionnaire in either the local language or English. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were employed to establish any associations between social media addiction and various other factors. Results: In our samples, 60.95% of social media users studied in private schools and 39.05% in public schools (z = 10.31, p<0.001). The most commonly used social media applications were, Internet gaming (69.23%) in Public schools and WhatsApp (61.15%) in Private schools. The overall prevalence of social media addiction was 19.96% among users with significantly higher rates of selfreported addiction in private schools (z = 3.47, p < 0.001). A total of 70.67% of the subjects had one or more physical symptoms, i.e. neck pain, tension, strain on eyes and fatigue of which 67.42% and 72.75% were from public and private schools, respectively. Psychological changes, i.e. anger, lonely and frustration; and behavioural changes, i.e. sleep disturbance and neglect personal hygiene were observed in 67.42% and 51.01% of public and private school pupils, (z = 3.85, p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Private school students were more prone for social media addiction. Majority had mild addiction. Addiction was associated with behavioural changes. A multitude of physical, psychological and behavioural problems were observed among social media users.

Scavenger receptor function of mouse Fcγ receptor III contributes to progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E hyperlipidemic mice.

Recent studies showed loss of CD36 or scavenger receptor-AI/II (SR-A) does not ameliorate atherosclerosis in a hyperlipidemic mouse model, suggesting receptors other than CD36 and SR-A may also contribute to atherosclerosis. In this report, we show that apolipoprotein E (apoE)-CD16 double knockout (DKO; apoE-CD16 DKO) mice have reduced atherosclerotic lesions compared with apoE knockout mice. In vivo and in vitro foam cell analyses showed apoE-CD16 DKO macrophages accumulated less neutral lipids. Reduced foam cell formation in apoE-CD16 DKO mice is not due to change in expression of CD36, SR-A, and LOX-1. This led to a hypothesis that CD16 may have scavenger receptor activity. We presented evidence that a soluble form of recombinant mouse CD16 (sCD16) bound to malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDALDL), and this binding is blocked by molar excess of MDA- modified BSA and anti-MDA mAbs, suggesting CD16 specifically recognizes MDA epitopes. Interestingly, sCD16 inhibited MDALDL binding to macrophage cell line, as well as soluble forms of recombinant mouse CD36, SR-A, and LOX-1, indicating CD16 can cross-block MDALDL binding to other scavenger receptors. Anti-CD16 mAb inhibited immune complex binding to sCD16, whereas it partially inhibited MDALDL binding to sCD16, suggesting MDALDL binding site may be in close proximity to the immune complex binding site in CD16. Loss of CD16 expression resulted in reduced levels of MDALDL-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression. Finally, CD16-deficient macrophages showed reduced MDALDL-induced Syk phosphorylation. Collectively, our findings suggest scavenger receptor activity of CD16 may, in part, contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.