ABSTRACT
Glycogen synthase kinase/SHAGGY-like kinases (SKs) are a highly conserved family of signaling proteins that participate in many developmental, cell-differentiation, and metabolic signaling pathways in plants and animals. Here, we investigate the involvement of SKs in legume nodulation, a process requiring the integration of multiple signaling pathways. We describe a group of SKs in the model legume Lotus japonicus (LSKs), two of which respond to inoculation with the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. RNAi knock-down plants and an insertion mutant for one of these genes, LSK1, display increased nodulation. Ηairy-root lines overexpressing LSK1 form only marginally fewer mature nodules compared with controls. The expression levels of genes involved in the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) mechanism are affected in LSK1 knock-down plants at low nitrate levels, both at early and late stages of nodulation. At higher levels of nitrate, these same plants show the opposite expression pattern of AON-related genes and lose the hypernodulation phenotype. Our findings reveal an additional role for the versatile SK gene family in integrating the signaling pathways governing legume nodulation, and pave the way for further study of their functions in legumes.
Subject(s)
Lotus/genetics , Lotus/metabolism , Plant Root Nodulation/genetics , Plant Root Nodulation/physiology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolism , Mesorhizobium/physiology , Nitrates/metabolism , Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria , Phenotype , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plant Roots/genetics , Plant Roots/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/classification , RNA Interference , Rhizobium/metabolism , Root Nodules, Plant , SymbiosisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Post-translational modification of receptor proteins is involved in activation and de-activation of signalling systems in plants. Both ubiquitination and deubiquitination have been implicated in plant interactions with pathogens and symbionts. RESULTS: Here we present LjPUB13, a PUB-ARMADILLO repeat E3 ligase that specifically ubiquitinates the kinase domain of the Nod Factor receptor NFR5 and has a direct role in nodule organogenesis events in Lotus japonicus. Phenotypic analyses of three LORE1 retroelement insertion plant lines revealed that pub13 plants display delayed and reduced nodulation capacity and retarded growth. LjPUB13 expression is spatially regulated during symbiosis with Mesorhizobium loti, with increased levels in young developing nodules. CONCLUSION: LjPUB13 is an E3 ligase with a positive regulatory role during the initial stages of nodulation in L. japonicus.
