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1.
Int J Soc Psychiatry ; : 207640241255575, 2024 Jun 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38845176

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Secure forensic hospital treatments are resource-intensive, aiming to rehabilitate offenders and enhance public safety. While these treatments consume significant portions of mental health budgets and show efficacy in some countries, their effectiveness in Czechia remains underexplored. Previous research has highlighted various factors influencing the likelihood of discharge from these institutions. Notably, the role of sociodemographic variables and the length of stay (LoS) in the context of forensic treatments has presented inconsistent findings across studies. METHODS: The study, part of the 'Deinstitutionalization project' in Czechia, collected data from all inpatient forensic care hospitals. A total of 793 patients (711 male, 79 female and 3 unknown) were included. Data collection spanned 6 months, with tools like HoNOS, HoNOS-Secure, MOAS, HCR-20V3 and AQoL-8D employed to assess various aspects of patient health, behaviour, risk and quality of life. RESULTS: The study revealed several determinants influencing patient discharge from forensic hospitals. Key assessment tools, such as HoNOS secure scores and the HCR-20 clinical subscale, showed that higher scores equated to lower chances of release. Furthermore, specific diagnoses like substance use disorder increased discharge odds, while a mental retardation diagnosis significantly reduced it. The type of index offense showed no influence on discharge decisions. CONCLUSION: Factors like reduced risk behaviours, absence of mental retardation diagnosis, social support and secure post-release housing plans played significant roles. The results underscored the importance of using standardized assessment tools over clinical judgement. A standout insight was the unique challenges faced by patients diagnosed with mental retardation, emphasizing a need for specialized care units or tailored programmes.

2.
Prague Med Rep ; 124(4): 329-343, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38069641

ABSTRACT

Sleep hygiene is essential for the prevention of somatic and mental disorders, including the prevention of sleep disorders. However, it does not typically address individual differences. The aim of this review is threefold: first, to outline the empirical evidence for particular components of sleep hygiene rules; second, to indicate the importance of individualized sleep hygiene application with regard to the varying degree of validity of sleep hygiene rules in the population; third, to highlight a new field of sleep hygiene, namely light hygiene. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to identify studies that were published between 2007 and 2022. A search was conducted for studies related to sleeping rules topics: sleep regularity, regular exercise, alcohol, caffeine, napping, relaxation and meditation, food intake and light exposure. In applying these sleep hygiene principles, it is essential to pay attention to individual variables such as age, genetic predisposition, health status, and substance (caffeine, alcohol) possible dependence.


Subject(s)
Sleep Hygiene , Sleep Wake Disorders , Adult , Humans , Caffeine , Sleep , Exercise
3.
Subst Abuse ; 17: 11782218231193914, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38025908

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Young adulthood is a transitional period between adolescence and adulthood. Due to the unique pressures of taking on a new social role and associated uncertainties, young adults are at heightened risk for drug and alcohol use. Furthermore, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increases the likelihood of using maladaptive coping strategies such as using substances to avoid or soothe negative emotions. The current review aimed to summarize the associations between exposure to ACEs before the age of 18 years and subsequent drug or alcohol use between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Methods: The review was performed in accordance with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The literature search of the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases was conducted in February 2022. Results: The initial search yielded 7178 articles, with 777 duplicates. Consequently, 6401 titles were inspected for relevance. After reading the full text, 88 articles were included in the review. Conclusion: This review provides clear evidence that exposure to multiple ACEs is a robust risk factor for the use of alcohol, cannabis and other drugs by young adults. Poor self-regulation and maladaptive coping strategies were identified as mechanisms explaining this link; however, further detailed research is needed.

4.
Med Sci Monit ; 29: e941079, 2023 Oct 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37897034

ABSTRACT

There is a growing body of research on SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), previously known as the post-COVID syndrome, a chronic condition characterized by symptoms that persist after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these symptoms, feelings of physical exhaustion and prolonged fatigue are particularly prevalent and can significantly impact patients' quality of life. These symptoms are associated with reduced overall physical capacity, decreased daily physical activity, malaise after intense training, and intolerance to physical activity (IFA). IFA, described as a reduced ability to perform physical activities typical for the patient's age, can often lead to a sedentary lifestyle. Prolonged physical inactivity can cause deterioration in the overall physical condition and disrupt mitochondrial function, triggering a vicious cycle of gradual symptom worsening. The underlying causes of PASC remain unclear; however, several biochemical mechanisms have been discussed to explain the body's energy depletion, and a multidisciplinary approach that combines physical and cognitive rehabilitation and lifestyle interventions such as exercise and diet modifications has been suggested to improve the overall health and well-being of PASC patients. This critical review aims to review the existing research on the possible causes and links among chronic fatigue, reduced physical activity, and exercise intolerance in patients with PASC. Further research into the underlying causes and treatment of PASC and the importance of developing individualized treatment is needed to address each patient's unique health requirements.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome , Humans , Quality of Life , SARS-CoV-2 , Cognitive Training , Fatigue/etiology , Fatigue/therapy
5.
Brain Sci ; 13(7)2023 Jul 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37508987

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is the general term used to describe technology that simulates human cognition [...].

6.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 13: 1130197, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37389212

ABSTRACT

The bacterial origin of mitochondria has been a widely accepted as an event that occurred about 1.45 billion years ago and endowed cells with internal energy producing organelle. Thus, mitochondria have traditionally been viewed as subcellular organelle as any other - fully functionally dependent on the cell it is a part of. However, recent studies have given us evidence that mitochondria are more functionally independent than other organelles, as they can function outside the cells, engage in complex "social" interactions, and communicate with each other as well as other cellular components, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, mitochondria move, assemble and organize upon sensing different environmental cues, using a process akin to bacterial quorum sensing. Therefore, taking all these lines of evidence into account we hypothesize that mitochondria need to be viewed and studied from a perspective of a more functionally independent entity. This view of mitochondria may lead to new insights into their biological function, and inform new strategies for treatment of disease associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.


Subject(s)
Genes, Bacterial , Mitochondria , Humans , Quorum Sensing , Virion
7.
Front Public Health ; 11: 1099528, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37089507

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Burnout syndrome is a state of long-term work exhaustion that manifests on three levels: cognitive, physical and emotional. Research regarding burnout syndrome has spiked in recent years. Despite burnout syndrome not being a clinical diagnosis, it has been recognized as a significant reason for work absence or, in some cases, even work leave. This study examines trends in burnout in the Czech population. The main aim of this research was to fill in the burnout literature gap and document the burnout trend over the years. Our secondary aim was to see if there is awareness regarding burnout syndrome and whether, over the years, we will see an increasing or a decreasing trend in burnout prevalence. Methods: Data collection took place in three waves using the computer assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method. In 2014 n = 1,027, in 2017 n = 1,024, and in 2020 n = 1,000. Respondents were selected from the European National Panel. Because the target group was adults (18-65 years), an online survey was chosen. Internet penetration in this target population is sufficient, and it was not necessary to use a combination of methodologies. Results: The results suggest a decreasing tendency for burnout syndrome in the Czech Republic. Knowledge about burnout syndrome is increasing, suggesting that people are paying more attention to their mental health and the possible factors that might affect the severity of burnout syndrome. Conclusion: Overall, burnout threatens the general population, not only medical employees. It is a positive finding that over the years, there has been an increasing trend in awareness about burnout. It further shows that people have adopted certain precautions and steps to avoid burnout syndrome as the perceived threat from it gradually decreases.


Subject(s)
Burnout, Professional , Burnout, Psychological , Adult , Humans , Czech Republic/epidemiology , Burnout, Psychological/epidemiology , Burnout, Professional/epidemiology , Burnout, Professional/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Emotions
8.
Front Psychol ; 14: 1107022, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37034934

ABSTRACT

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune gastroenterological disorder in which the digestion of gluten leads to damage and constant inflammation in the small intestine. Moreover, there are associated physical and mental health problems related to celiac disease, i.e., a lower health-related quality of life and increased depression and anxiety symptoms. The only effective treatment for celiac disease is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. However, researchers suggest that strict adherence to a gluten-free diet ranges from 42 to 80%, depending on the definition and method of assessment that was utilized. This review examines interventions designed for those who need to adhere to life-long dietary measures and their success in terms of increasing gluten-free dietary adherence and improving their health-related quality of life. In April 2022, the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and ProQuest databases were searched using the following terms: "coeliac disease" OR "celiac disease" AND "gluten free diet" AND "intervention" AND "health related quality of life" AND "diabetes." Eight studies were suitable for this review. The studies were used to analyze different intervention techniques and their impact on gluten-free dietary adherence, quality of life, and the reasons for dietary nonadherence. The studies revealed statistically significant improvements in the knowledge base regarding celiac disease and the gluten-free diet, dietary adherence and quality-of-life satisfaction immediately after the intervention and at a three-month follow-up. Some studies were also focused on behavioral and cognitive aspects of nonadherence to dietary measures.

9.
J Atten Disord ; 27(10): 1075-1080, 2023 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37057307

ABSTRACT

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Czech translation of the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS), a tool used to assess ADHD symptoms. Data was collected online from parents of school-aged children and included questions related to their child's diagnosis or treatment. The results showed that while relying on professional judgment improved specificity and positive predictive value, it decreased negative predictive value. These findings indicate that the VADPRS scale is more accurate in identifying individuals with ADHD when professionals provide the diagnosis, but fewer true negatives are found. This is the first study attempting to describe the psychometric properties of this tool in the Czech Republic and assess its use as an additional tool for ADHD diagnosis. It is recommended that structured clinical interviews be used to increase the accuracy of ADHD diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Child , Humans , Psychometrics/methods , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Czech Republic , Parents , Reproducibility of Results
10.
Cell Mol Neurobiol ; 43(6): 2621-2626, 2023 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36977809

ABSTRACT

Prion' is a term used to describe a protein infectious particle responsible for several neurodegenerative diseases in mammals, e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The novelty is that it is protein based infectious agent not involving a nucleic acid genome as found in viruses and bacteria. Prion disorders exhibit, in part, incubation periods, neuronal loss, and induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins due to enhancing reactive oxygen species associated with mitochondria energy metabolism. These agents may also induce memory, personality and movement abnormalities as well as depression, confusion and disorientation. Interestingly, some of these behavioral changes also occur in COVID-19 and mechanistically include mitochondrial damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 and subsequenct production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, we surmise, in part, long COVID may involve the induction of spontaneous prion emergence, especially in individuals susceptible to its origin may thus explain some of its manesfestions post-acute viral infection.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Prions , Humans , Animals , Prions/metabolism , Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome , Reactive Oxygen Species , SARS-CoV-2 , Mammals/metabolism
11.
J Atten Disord ; 27(4): 447-454, 2023 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36691347

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder frequently diagnosed between the ages 7 and 10 years. We measured ADHD symptomatology in a representative sample of the Czech population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data collection was performed in January 2019 through the European National Panel. The respondents completed a demographic questionnaire focusing on ADHD history and a standardized questionnaire, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) screener for ADHD symptomatology in adulthood. RESULTS: From the sample of 1,518 respondents, 3% of the respondents reported having been diagnosed with ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder in their lifetime. According to ASRS scoring, 119 respondents were classified as suspected ADHD. Overall, more males than females reported ADHD symptomatology. Age was also significantly associated with ASRS. Education status yielded no significant results. CONCLUSION: Our study documents that the prevalence of ADHD symptomatology in adults is comparable with that in Western countries despite the different historical and health care backgrounds.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Male , Female , Humans , Adult , Child , Czech Republic , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Self Report
12.
J Atten Disord ; 27(3): 307-312, 2023 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36484286

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Children with ADHD often tend to underperform in school. This partial study aimed to find out if the school experience of adults with higher ADHD symptomatology differs from those with lower and no ADHD symptomatology. METHOD: Based on the results of ASRS questionnaires, the respondents were divided into three groups (low, medium, and high) according to the manifested ADHD symptomatology. We explored their school experiences by looking at their grades for behavior at school, notes regarding their attendance, school expulsion, and other school experiences. RESULTS: Children with higher ADHD symptomatology were significantly more likely to be expelled, receive notes for bad behavior, disturbing or forgetting as well as receive reprimands from teachers. CONCLUSION: Our results show that children with increased ADHD symptomatology experience more difficulties with school behavior, they are frequently reprimanded, and they do receive more negative feedback regarding their attendance and tardiness from teachers.


Subject(s)
Academic Performance , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Humans , Child , Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Schools , Surveys and Questionnaires
13.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat ; 18: 2229-2237, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36221293

ABSTRACT

Long COVID, in which disease-related symptoms persist for months after recovery, has led to a revival of the discussion of whether neuropsychiatric long-term symptoms after viral infections indeed result from virulent activity or are purely psychological phenomena. In this review, we demonstrate that, despite showing differences in structure and targeting, many viruses have highly similar neuropsychiatric effects on the host. Herein, we compare severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), Ebola virus disease (EVD), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). We provide evidence that the mutual symptoms of acute and long-term anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress among these viral infections are likely to result from primary viral activity, thus suggesting that these viruses share neuroinvasive strategies in common. Moreover, it appears that secondary induced environmental stress can lead to the emergence of psychopathologies and increased susceptibility to viral (re)infection in infected individuals. We hypothesize that a positive feedback loop of virus-environment-reinforced systemic responses exists. It is surmised that this cycle of primary virulent activity and secondary stress-induced reactivation, may be detrimental to infected individuals by maintaining and reinforcing the host's immunocompromised state of chronic inflammation, immunological strain, and maladaptive central-nervous-system activity. We propose that this state can lead to perturbed cognitive processing and promote aversive learning, which may manifest as acute, long-term neuropsychiatric illness.

14.
Med Sci Monit ; 28: e936849, 2022 Jul 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35841140

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Studies show neurological differences between patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls. Furthermore, it is possible that poor timing is linked with impairments in neural circuitry. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that there is a difference in time perception between adults with severe ADHD symptomatology and adults with no ADHD symptomatology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously, we collected data from a more extensive set of participants (n=1518) concerning the prevalence of ADHD in adulthood. We recruited participants from 3 groups defined by increasing ADHD severity out of this participant pool. Each participant was presented with 2 experimental tasks (in counterbalanced order): duration estimation and duration discrimination. RESULTS In general, we did not find any specific differences in time perception related to the severity of ADHD. Regarding duration estimation, we found that the difference between the actual and estimated durations increased with the actual duration (F(1, 7028.00)=2685.38, P<0.001). Although the differences between groups were not significant, the group×duration interaction was (F[1, 7028.00]=10.86, P<0.001), with a very small effect size (ηp²<0.001, 95% CI [0.00, 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that although individuals may demonstrate increased ADHD symptomatology, they may not have objectively more significant difficulties in time perception tasks than their counterparts with mild symptomatology. Nonetheless, time perception should be further studied because, as qualitative research suggests, participants with more severe ADHD symptomatology subjectively perceive more significant differences in time management in real life.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Time Perception , Adult , Czech Republic/epidemiology , Humans , Prevalence
15.
Front Psychol ; 13: 799344, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35602673

ABSTRACT

Objective: The study aim was to assess the psychometric properties of the ASRS in the Czech Republic. Although this screening tool is now frequently used, its validity has not been assessed among the general Czech population. Methods: The ASRS and WURS were administered online to the general Czech population (N = 1,518). We performed confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Results: For the ASRS, confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit for the screening part (SRMR = 0.03, RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.98). For the symptom list, the fit was good according to the SRMR, acceptable according to the RMSEA, and slightly below acceptable according to the CFI. For the WURS, the results showed SRMR = 0.06, RMSEA = 0.07, and CFI = 0.92. Conclusion: The Czech translation of the ASRS is appropriate and has acceptable psychometric properties. However, we strongly recommend only using this tool together with clinical judgment.

16.
Med Sci Monit ; 28: e935784, 2022 Mar 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35349555

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND There is a high prevalence of cognitive and socioemotional dysfunction in very low birth weight (VLBW <1500 g) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW <1000 g) children. This study from the Czech Republic aimed to compare the cognitive and socioemotional development at 5 and 9 years of age of children born with VLBW/ELBW with children born with normal birth weight (NBW ≥2500 g). MATERIAL AND METHODS The clinical group consisted of 118 VLBW/ELBW children and the control group consisted of 101 children with NBW at ages 5 to 9 years. The research battery included selected subscales from the Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS), A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment - second edition (NEPSY-II), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Data were analyzed using STATA IC v. 15 software and G*Power (descriptive statistic, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlations, multivariate analysis of variance - MANOVA, post hoc power analysis). RESULTS We found a statistically significant difference in cognitive and socioemotional development between children with VLBW/ELBW and those with NBW. The average intelligence quotient (IQ) of VLBW/ELBW children was 96.38, while that of NBW children was 12.98 points higher (P<0.001). NBW children achieved better results on all subtests of the IDS (P<0.001) as well as in affect recognition (P<0.001). All results for both groups were within normal range. Parents of VLBW/ELBW children did not recognize impaired executive functioning (P=0.494). CONCLUSIONS This study has shown significant cognitive and socioemotional deficit in children born with VLBW and ELBW when evaluated at 5 and 9 years of age.


Subject(s)
Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Analysis of Variance , Birth Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Cognition , Czech Republic/epidemiology , Humans , Infant, Newborn
17.
Curr Neuropharmacol ; 20(6): 1229-1240, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34951387

ABSTRACT

The incidence of infections from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has dramatically escalated following the initial outbreak in China, in late 2019, resulting in a global pandemic with millions of deaths. Although the majority of infected patients survive, and the rapid advent and deployment of vaccines have afforded increased immunity against SARS-CoV-2, long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection have become increasingly recognized. These include, but are not limited to, chronic pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disorders, and proinflammatory-associated neurological dysfunction that may lead to psychological and neurocognitive impairment. A major component of cognitive dysfunction is operationally categorized as "brain fog" which comprises difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, confusion, depression, and fatigue. Multiple parameters associated with long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been detailed in clinical studies. Empirically elucidated mechanisms associated with the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 are by nature complex, but broad-based working models have focused on mitochondrial dysregulation, leading to systemic reductions of metabolic activity and cellular bioenergetics within the CNS structures. Multiple factors underlying the expression of brain fog may facilitate future pathogenic insults, leading to repetitive cycles of viral and bacterial propagation. Interestingly, diverse neurocognitive sequelae associated with COVID-19 are not dissimilar from those observed in other historical pandemics, thereby providing a broad and integrative perspective on potential common mechanisms of CNS dysfunction subsequent to viral infection. Poor mental health status may be reciprocally linked to compromised immune processes and enhanced susceptibility to infection by diverse pathogens. By extrapolation, we contend that COVID-19 may potentiate the severity of neurological/neurocognitive deficits in patients afflicted by well-studied neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, the prevention, diagnosis, and management of sustained neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 are pivotal health care directives and provide a compelling rationale for careful monitoring of infected patients, as early mitigation efforts may reduce short- and long-term complications.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Neurodegenerative Diseases , COVID-19/complications , Central Nervous System , Disease Progression , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2
18.
Front Pharmacol ; 13: 1095923, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36686690

ABSTRACT

Mitochondria are complex endosymbionts that evolved from primordial purple nonsulfur bacteria. The incorporation of bacteria-derived mitochondria facilitates a more efficient and effective production of energy than what could be achieved based on previous processes alone. In this case, endosymbiosis has resulted in the seamless coupling of cytochrome c oxidase and F-ATPase to maximize energy production. However, this mechanism also results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a phenomenon that can have both positive and negative ramifications on the host. Recent studies have revealed that neuropsychiatric disorders have a pro-inflammatory component in which ROS is capable of initiating damage and cognitive malfunction. Our current understanding of cognition suggests that it is the product of a neuronal network that consumes a substantial amount of energy. Thus, alterations or perturbations of mitochondrial function may alter not only brain energy supply and metabolite generation, but also thought processes and behavior. Mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative stress have been implicated in several well-known psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). As cognition is highly energy-dependent, we propose that the neuronal pathways underlying maladaptive cognitive processing and psychiatric symptoms are most likely dependent on mitochondrial function, and thus involve brain energy translocation and the accumulation of the byproducts of oxidative stress. We also hypothesize that neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., disrupted emotional processing) may represent the vestiges of an ancient masked evolutionary response that can be used by both hosts and pathogens to promote self-repair and proliferation via parasitic and/or symbiotic pathways.

19.
Front Psychiatry ; 12: 720082, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34566721

ABSTRACT

During the COVID-19 pandemic, research on the relationships between the virus and its human host has become fundamental to understand this pathology and its effects. Attaining this profound understanding is critical for the effective containment and treatment of infections caused by the virus. In this review, we present some possible mechanisms by which psychopathological symptoms emerge following viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). These proposed mechanisms are based on microbial communication and the induced priming of microglial antibody activation within the CNS through Toll-like receptor signaling. In this process, chronic microglial activation causes increased glutamate release in virally-altered, high-density neuronal structures, thereby modulating cognitive networks and information integration processes. This modulation, in turn, we suggest, affects the accuracy of sensory integration and connectivity of major control networks, such as the default mode network. The chronic activation of immunological responses and neurochemical shifts toward an elevated glutamate/gamma-aminobutyric acid ratio lead to negative reinforcement learning and suboptimal organismic functioning, for example, maintaining the body in an anxious state, which can later become internalized as trait anxiety. Therefore, we hypothesize that the homeostatic relationship between host, microbiome, and virome, would be decisive in determining the efficiency of subsequent immunological responses, disease susceptibility, and long-term psychopathological effects of diseases that impact the CNS, such as the COVID-19.

20.
Med Sci Monit ; 27: e933766, 2021 Jul 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34272353

ABSTRACT

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is classically associated with symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity together with a variety of other observable externalized symptoms. ADHD has also been associated with specific internalized cognitive symptoms, including restlessness and emotional impulsivity. This disorder has been recognized as a lifelong condition and can be recognized by a variety of unique cognitive phenomena. In addition to the frequently ignored affective symptoms exhibited by individuals diagnosed with ADHD, problems with time perception have been noted, although these are considered to be secondary issues. Temporal shifts in cognitive processing, however, may be at the very root of ADHD-related symptoms, given the importance of coordinated signal translation in the construction of behavior. In this review, we consider the evidence that suggests that differences in time perception are a central symptom in adults with ADHD. Some of these differences include the feeling of time moving faster, which causes difficulties in prospective time tasks and inaccuracies in time estimation tasks. We analyze the literature from both neurological and psychological perspectives and include an assessment of tools that can be administered via computer to measure time perception. We also suggest several computer-based methods that might be used to address problems with time perception in both children and adults. We strongly recommend the inclusion of ADHD symptoms associated with time perception in the next revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association.


Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Time Perception , Adult , Anxiety , Attention , Child , Cognition Disorders , Emotions , Humans , Impulsive Behavior , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires
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