[Use of the computer class DVK-KUVT-86 for programmed second level control with respect to pathology]. / Ispol'zovanie komp'iuternogo klassa DVK-KUVT-86 dlia programmirovannogo kontrolia vtorogo urovnia po patologicheskoi anatomii.

The paper deals with some experience in the programmed control of students' knowledge by constructed tests of the 2nd level using computers. According to the authors this method facilitates the development of independent logical students' thinking.

[Problem of the relationship of probable and real ecologic pathology]. / Problema sootnosheniia veroiatnostnoi i real'noi ékologicheskoi patologii.

Ecology plays more and more important role as an etiological factor of human diseases: congenital defects, tumours, immunodyzergies, hematopoietic and endocrine disorders. Two directions should be taken into consideration in establishing the role of ecology in human disease: pathology itself and ecogenic factor. The first one consists of the complex "populations at risk-pattern of mortality-ecogenic diseases, the second direction is "geography of potentially ecogenic diseases-correlation with geography of environmental pollution-eco-etiological factor". The analysis of death causes may form an alternative to generalized ecomedical analysis having a low informative value. Additional problem of ecological pathology is an ecogenically induced weakness, premorbid and latent states.

[Knowledge of general pathologic anatomy in 5th-year students]. / Znaniia po obshchei patologicheskoi anatomii u studentov V kursa.

Students of the 5th year rather well retain their knowledge of the pathologic anatomy obtained during the 3rd year although their mean indices are relatively low. The index of student efficiency may be used for the improvement of teaching and for the student specialization in pathology.

[The use of the class of KUVT-86 computers for examination of pathologic anatomy]. / Primenenie komp'iuternogo klassa KUVT-86 dlia testovogo ékzamena po patologicheskoi anatomii.

Examination in pathology with a test control of the theoretical part is carried out with the use of the computer class KUVT-86. The degree of knowledge is evaluated by means of the 1st level test. A student receives 3 tickets for general, special and specific pathology, respectively. Every ticket includes list of questions from a respective part of pathology consisting of 4 tests of distinction, 4 tests of identification and 2 classification tests (40 elements altogether). The number of questions for all examination is 120. The verification of knowledge occurs without paper forms. The calculation of the degree of knowledge is done by the computer during the examination. The student is given the estimation of his answers to every question. The results are fixed on the external information carriers which can be used for the evaluation of the student knowledge survival several years later.

[Application of the microcomputer "Electronika BK-0010" in programmed monitoring of the degree of students' assimilation of a course in pathologic anatomy according to tests at the first level]. / O primenenii mikrokomp'iutera "élektronika BK-0010" dlia programmirovannogo kontrol' stepeni usvoeniia studentami kursa patologicheskoi anatomii soglasno testam pervogo urovnia.

To optimize the programmed checking of the students' knowledge on pathological anatomy, it is feasible to use an "Elektronika BK-0010" microcomputer. In terms of the limited internal storage of the computer, a package of questions and answers to them is recorded on a magnetic tape, the microcomputer being loaded with it before each study. For maximal employment of the microcomputer's internal storage, it is expedient to use the programs based on the combined application of a text in the form of questions and computer-assisted processing of the students answers.

[Formation of ion channels in the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane after exposure to bacteriophages T4 and lambda]. / Obrazovanie ionnykh kanalov v tsitoplazmaticheskoi membrane Escherichia coli pod deistviem bakteriofagov T4 i liambda.

The effects of phage T4 and lambda on the ion permeability of the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane were studied. It was shown that the phage-induced depolarization of the membrane is coupled with a simultaneous increase in a transmembrane pH gradient. Hence, the total value of the proton-motive force remains unchanged at moderate multiplicity of infection. The rise in the pH gradient occurs due to an increase in the activity of the redox H+-pump of the E. coli membrane. Analysis of the temperature dependence showed that the stimulating effect of the phage is observed at 6-8 degrees C. Apart from the phages, gramicidin is also capable of stimulating the H+-pump under these conditions, while the stimulating effect of valinomycin is diminished. These data suggest that the ion-permeable channels are formed in the membrane during the interaction of E. coli cells with the phages. The experimental results demonstrate that the channels are permeable to ions of monovalent metals. The phage can also increase the permeability of cell membranes to protons; however, the permeability to monovalent ions is higher when these ions are in excess.

[Electron microscopy study of pathological collagen fibril formation in systemic scleroderma]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe izuchenie patologicheskogo fibrilloobrazovaniia kollagena pri sistemnoi sklerodermii.

Electron microscopy of the skin biopsies from patients with systemic sclerodermia revealed the pathologic alterations of cellular and intracellular structures. The disease is characterized by focal lysis of nuclear, organoid and cytoplasmic membranes of the fibroblastic cells with the most essential alteration of cell plasmalemma. The cellular fragments (parts of cytoplasma, cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nuclear debris) are found between the extracellular bundles of collagen fibrils. The pathologic forms of collagen aggregation (globular forms, non-homogeneous fibrils of the quaternary structure and transversally-bound microfibrillar aggregates) appear along with the fibrillar quaternary structures. Abnormal forms of fibrillar collagen are reluctant for deaggregation and lysis and facilitate the progression of fibrosis.

[Formation of collagen fibrils in the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis (electron microscope study)]. / Obrazovanie kollagenovykh fibrill v sinovial'noi obolochke pri revmatoidnom artrite (élektronno-mikroskopicheskie issledovaniia).

As demonstrates investigation of the synovial membrane biopsies obtained in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, excessive formation of collagenous fibrillae results from participation, in this process, of activated synoviocytes B, pericytes and fibroblasts capable to intensify secretion and synthesis of tropocollagen. Aggregation of tropocollagen molecules into the collagenous fibrillae occurs in the areas where the inflammation acquires a chronic form where the cellular detritus is accumulated and where immune complexes are deposited. In the places mentioned, together with assembling normal collagenous fibrillae certain pathological fibrillar forms are observed, such as: fibrillae with an increased diameter, fibrillae with a changeable optic density of transversal streakness, those deprived of it, as well as segmentary scrap of fibrillo-formation. It is suggested that disturbance of the tetrary polymerization of the collagenous structures, that occurs at rheumatoid arthritis, prevents the functional-loading rearrangement and reabsorption of excessive fibrillae. Together with phenomena of tropocollagen hypersecretion from activated mesenchymal cells, this results in collagenous hyperfibrillogenesis, in fibrosis of the joints and in their irreversible rigidity.