The state of the art of marine natural products in Colombia / El estado del arte de los productos naturales marinos en Colombia / O estado da arte dos produtos naturais marinhos na Colômbia

Abstract Marine Natural Products (MNPs) isolated from samples collected in Colombia have been an object of study since the early 1980's; however, this information is neither integrated nor compiled. This systematic review describes the articles published in scientific journals up to December 2019. 173 papers met the inclusion criteria of focusing on MNPs obtained from specimens collected from Colombian seas; all original papers written in English, Portuguese or Spanish. The selected papers were mostly authored by researchers from Colombian groups, with low interaction amongst themselves. 99.4% of the papers studied samples collected from the Caribbean Sea; 183 species were studied, mainly sponges and octocorals. In this study, 1,690 compounds (238 new ones) were reviewed, mainly diterpenes and sterol derivatives. Of the selected papers, 76.8% measured various biological activities, including antibiotic (34%) and anticancer (30%). These papers were published in 51 journals (74.6% were international). In conclusion, scientific work on natural marine products of Colombian origin has incremented over time. The most relevant opportunities to address and fill existing gaps comprise: exploring Pacific Ocean organisms and several of the misrepresented taxa; promoting strong interactions amongst the MNPs research groups, and accordingly with other areas of knowledge; and having the productive sector participate in MNPs research.

Resumen Los productos naturales marinos (PNM) aislados de muestras recolectadas en Colombia han sido estudiados desde principios de los años 1980, mas esta información no está integrada, ni recopilada. Esta revisión sistemática describe los artículos publicados hasta diciembre de 2019. 173 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión de enfoque en PNM obtenidos de especímenes recolectados en mares colombianos; trabajos originales escritos en inglés, portugués o español. La mayoría de los artículos fueron escritos por investigadores de grupos colombianos, con poca interacción entre ellos. El 99,4% de los artículos estudiaban muestras recolectadas del mar Caribe. Se estudiaron 183 especies, especialmente esponjas y octocorales. Se identificaron 1690 compuestos (238 nuevos), principalmente diterpenos y derivados de esteroles. En el 76,8% de los artículos se midió alguna actividad biológica, principalmente antibiótica (34%) y anticancerígena (30%). Los artículos se publicaron en 51 revistas (74,6% internacionales). En conclusión, la investigación sobre los PNM de origen colombiano ha crecido con el tiempo. Algunas oportunidades para abordar las lagunas encontradas comprenden: explorar los organismos del océano Pacífico y los taxa poco estudiados; promover interacciones entre los grupos de investigación de los PNM y de otras áreas del conocimiento; e involucrar al sector productivo en la investigación de los PMN.

Resumo Os Produtos Naturais Marinhos (PNMs) isolados de amostras coletadas na Colômbia têm sido objeto de estudo desde a década de 1980; porém, esta informação não está integrada nem compilada. Esta revisão sistemática descreve os artigos publicados em revistas científicas até dezembro de 2019. 173 artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão de foco em PNMs obtidos de espécimes coletados em mares colombianos; artigos originais escritos em inglês, português ou espanhol. A maioria dos autores dos artigos eram pesquisadores de grupos colombianos, com baixa interação entre eles. 99,4% dos artigos estudavam amostras coletadas no Mar do Caribe. Foram estudadas 183 espécies, especialmente esponjas e octocorais. Nesta revisão, identificaram-se 1690 compostos (238 novos), principalmente diterpenos e derivados de esterol. 76,8% dos artigos mediram algumas atividades biológicas, incluindo antibiótica (34%) e anticancerígena (30%). Os artigos analisados foram publicados em 51 periódicos (74,6% internacionais). Em conclusão, o trabalho científico sobre PNM de origem colombiana cresceu ao longo do tempo. As oportunidades mais relevantes para preencher as lacunas existentes incluem: explorar organismos do Oceano Pacífico e os taxa pouco estudados; promover interação entre os grupos de pesquisa de PNMs e com grupos de outras áreas do conhecimento; e envolver o setor produtivo na pesquisa de PNMs.

Identificación de bacterias y hongos en el aire de Neiva, Colombia / Identification of bacteria and fungi in the air of Neiva, Colombia

Objetivo Aislar e identificar microorganismos (bacterias y hongos) presentes en el aire de la zona urbana de la ciudad de Neiva en el periodo comprendido entre la época de sequía y la época de lluvias durante el año 2012 Materiales y Métodos Se emplearon dos métodos para la recolección de la muestra: sedimentación en placa y un bioimpactador M Air T de Millipore en los cuales se dispensaron los medios Agar tripticasa soya (ATS) para el crecimiento de bacterias y agar gentamicina-glucosa-extracto de levadura (GGY) para el crecimiento de hongos; como colorantes se emplearon la tinción de Gram y la tinción con azul de lactofenol. Cuando fue necesario se empleó KOH al 10 %. Resultados El género Aspergillus spp. y los bacilos grampositivos fueron los microorganismos predominantes en las distintas zonas de muestreo, mientras que los géneros Aureobasidium sp. y bacilos gramnegativos presentaron frecuencia de aparición ocasional y rara, ya que no son considerados microorganismos propios del aire. Conclusiones La carga microbiana fue mayor en la época de sequía con respecto a la época de lluvias, presentándose más crecimiento bacteriano que fúngico en las dos temporadas del año. Con el uso del bioimpactador se observó mayor crecimiento tanto de bacterias como de hongos en comparación con el método de sedimentación en placa.(AU)

Objective To isolate and identify microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) present in the air in the city of Neiva between the dry and rainy seasons of 2012. Materials and Methods Two methods were used for sample collection: sedimentation plates and the bio-impactor Millipore M Air T in which the following culture media were dispensed: agar tripticase soy (ATS) for bacteria growth, and agar gentamicin-glucose-yeast extract for fungi growth. The dyes employed included Gram stain and lactophenol blue stain. When necessary 10 % KOH was also used. Results According to the frequencies of occurrence, Aspergillus spp. and Gram-positive bacilli were the predominant microorganisms in the different sampling areas. The genus Aureobasidium sp. and Gram-negative bacilli showed occasional, and rare occurrence frequency since they are not considered to be air-born microorganisms. Conclusions The microbial load was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season, appearing more fungal bacterial growth in both seasons of the year. With the use of the Bio-impactor, increased growth of both bacteria and fungi could be observed as compared to the sedimentation plate method.(AU)

Brote urbano de leishmaniasis visceral en Neiva, Colombia / Urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Neiva (Colombia)

Objetivo Estudiar clínica y epidemiológicamente focos de leishmaniasis visceral (LV) urbana en Neiva (Colombia). Materiales y Métodos Seis niños consultaron por hepato-esplenomegalia. Presentaban anemia y leucopenia. Se realizó biopsia por aspiración de medula ósea (5 pacientes) y de bazo (1 paciente). Se hizo búsqueda activa de casos en la comunidad y de anticuerpos anti-Leishmania infantum por inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) en los sintomáticos y en reservorios caninos (IFI, rK39). Se hicieron visitas domiciliarias para educación comunitaria y búsqueda de vectores. Los pacientes recibieron Miltefosina, Anfotericina B o Glucantime®. Resultados Se confirmó LV en siete niños. En seis, el aspirado de medula ósea o bazo demostró amastigotes. La IFI fue positiva en 4 pacientes y negativa en 3. Un niño se detectó por búsqueda activa comunitaria, con clínica de LV, confirmada por IFI (1:32). La miltefosina no fue útil en 6 de los 7 casos. La Anfotericina B liposomal o deoxicolato, curó 6 pacientes y el Glucantime® uno. La seroprevalencia en 1182 caninos (IFI y rK39) fue de 6.1 %; los animales positivos fueron sacrificados. Se demostró Lu. longipalpis, vector de LV, en el peridomicilio. Conclusiones Demostramos LV urbana en dos comunas de Neiva. La confirmación diagnóstica incluyó aspiración de medula ósea e IFI. La Miltefosina no fue útil. La Anfotericina B liposomal fue la terapia ideal. Para controlar la LV es necesario hacer BAC, educación comunitaria, control de vectores y reservorios.(AU)

Objective Characterize the foci of visceral leishmaniasis infection in Neiva with a clinical and epidemiological approach. Materials and Methods Six children consulted medical services with hepatosplenomegaly. They were found to have anemia and leukopenia. The diagnosis was performed by bone marrow (five patients) and spleen (1 patient) aspiration. An active search for cases was carried out in the community. Anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies were also sought out using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) in symptomatic patients and in dogs (IFI, rK39). House calls were made in order to carry out educational activities and to collect disease vectors. Patients received miltefosine, amphotericin B or Glucantime®. Results LV was confirmed in seven children. In six of them, the bone marrow or spleen aspirate contained amastigotes. The IIF was positive in 4 patients and negative in 3. One child was detected throught the active community search, confirmed by the clinic with IIF (1:32). Six patients were cured with liposomal amphotericin B (o deoxycholate) and one patient was cured with Glucantime®. The canine seroprevalence in 1182 dogs was 6.1% (IFI and rK39); the positive animals were destroyed. L. longipalpis was found in the houses. This is the principal vector of LV in Colombia. Conclusions The study showed that two zones of Neiva have children infected with LV. Diagnostic confirmation must include aspiration of bone marrow and IIFs. Treatment with miltefosine was not helpful, but liposomal amphotericin B is an ideal therapy. To control LV, active case searching, community education and vector and reservoir control is necessary.(AU)

[Identification of bacteria and fungi in the air of Neiva, Colombia]. / Identificación de bacterias y hongos en el aire de Neiva, Colombia.

Objective To isolate and identify microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) present in the air in the city of Neiva between the dry and rainy seasons of 2012. Materials and Methods Two methods were used for sample collection: sedimentation plates and the bio-impactor Millipore M Air T in which the following culture media were dispensed: agar tripticase soy (ATS) for bacteria growth, and agar gentamicin-glucose-yeast extract for fungi growth. The dyes employed included Gram stain and lactophenol blue stain. When necessary 10 % KOH was also used. Results According to the frequencies of occurrence, Aspergillus spp. and Gram-positive bacilli were the predominant microorganisms in the different sampling areas. The genus Aureobasidium sp. and Gram-negative bacilli showed occasional, and rare occurrence frequency since they are not considered to be air-born microorganisms. Conclusions The microbial load was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season, appearing more fungal bacterial growth in both seasons of the year. With the use of the Bio-impactor, increased growth of both bacteria and fungi could be observed as compared to the sedimentation plate method.

[Urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Neiva (Colombia)]. / Brote urbano de leishmaniasis visceral en Neiva, Colombia.

Objective Characterize the foci of visceral leishmaniasis infection in Neiva with a clinical and epidemiological approach. Materials and Methods Six children consulted medical services with hepatosplenomegaly. They were found to have anemia and leukopenia. The diagnosis was performed by bone marrow (five patients) and spleen (1 patient) aspiration. An active search for cases was carried out in the community. Anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies were also sought out using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) in symptomatic patients and in dogs (IFI, rK39). House calls were made in order to carry out educational activities and to collect disease vectors. Patients received miltefosine, amphotericin B or Glucantime®. Results LV was confirmed in seven children. In six of them, the bone marrow or spleen aspirate contained amastigotes. The IIF was positive in 4 patients and negative in 3. One child was detected throught the active community search, confirmed by the clinic with IIF (1:32). Six patients were cured with liposomal amphotericin B (o deoxycholate) and one patient was cured with Glucantime®. The canine seroprevalence in 1182 dogs was 6.1% (IFI and rK39); the positive animals were destroyed. L. longipalpis was found in the houses. This is the principal vector of LV in Colombia. Conclusions The study showed that two zones of Neiva have children infected with LV. Diagnostic confirmation must include aspiration of bone marrow and IIFs. Treatment with miltefosine was not helpful, but liposomal amphotericin B is an ideal therapy. To control LV, active case searching, community education and vector and reservoir control is necessary.

Fuscoside E: a strong anti-inflammatory diterpene from Caribbean octocoral Eunicea fusca.

The screen of 10 soft coral extracts collected from the Colombian Caribbean Sea in the TPA-induced ear edema model allowed us to identify Eunicea fusca extract among others as an interesting source of active compounds. The new diterpene, fuscoside E (1), along with the known fuscoside B (2), fuscol (3), (+)-germacrene D (4) and a mixture of six sterols (5-10), were isolated from this soft coral. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques. Fuscoside E (1) absolute stereochemistry was determined by chiroptical methods. Fuscoside E (1) and B (2) showed strong anti-inflammatory in the above mentioned bioassay. Additionally, fuscoside E (1) and the sterol mixture (5-10) presented antifouling activity against bacterial strains involved in surface colonization.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the base of the tongue.

We describe a rare case of pleomorphic adenoma involving the base of the tongue and adjacent valleculae. We also discuss the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of these cases.

Enfermedad mestastásica de larga evolución en el adenocarcinoma renal. Afectación suprarrenal / Adrenal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma with long survival

OBJETIVOS: Exponer dos casos de enfermedad metastásica suprarrenal metacrónica (en un caso contralateral y en otro bilateral) por adenocarcinoma renal de células claras, con larga evolución cronológica de las recidivas. MÉTODO: Se analiza el curso durante 8 años de dos casos clínicos de enfermedad metastásica limitada por adenocarcinoma renal de células claras que desarrollaron metástasis suprarrenal, así como el seguimiento y las múltiples cirugías por metástasis única de las que han sido tributarios en este tiempo (3 por cada caso). Se analiza la indicación quirúrgica de la metástasis solitaria, la morbilidad, el pronóstico y se evalúan respecto a la literatura posibilidad de últimos tratamientos al efecto en estos casos, hoy en día aún en el ámbito de la investigación. RESULTADOS: La exéresis de la metástasis solitaria por el adenocarcinoma de células renales en estos casos ha proporcionado una supervivencia de más de 8 años con una buena calidad de vida. No se presentaron complicaciones quirúrgicas significativas. El pronóstico final es ominoso. CONCLUSIONES: En un caso, la demostración de no existencia de afectación linfática y la no extensión fuera del parénquima renal del tumor, no eximió de la aparición de metástasis única pulmonar cuatro años después, ni de afectación suprarrenal contralateral a los 8 años del diagnóstico inicial. En el otro caso, la infiltración de la vena renal en la exéresis del tumor primitivo nos ha de hacer pensar en la posibilidad a largo plazo de metástasis suprarrenal por su común asociación, demostrándose tres años después en la suprarrenal contralateral. La no realización de la suprarrenalectomía en la primera cirugía (tumor renal derecho de polo inferior) involucró metástasis suprarrenal a los 8 años del diagnóstico inicial. En ambos casos el pronóstico es infausto para el paciente y la situación desalentadora para el urólogo (AU)