Asociación entre edadismo y sexismo en estudiantes universitarios / Association between ageism and sexism in university students

Antecedentes y objetivos El edadismo es la percepción negativa de las personas por su edad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los niveles de edadismo y su asociación con el sexismo y otros factores en universitarios. Materiales y métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal a través de una encuesta online entre los estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada (España). Se recogió información sobre variables sociodemográficas y académicas y se administró el Cuestionario de estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez (CENVE), la Escala de sexismo ambivalente (ASI), el Cuestionario breve de los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad (BFPTSQ), la Escala sobre la ansiedad por el envejecimiento (AE) y la Escala sobre el contacto con personas mayores (CPM). Se determinaron los niveles de edadismo y se exploraron asociaciones con otras variables. A continuación, se realizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria para conocer los factores asociados a su presencia. Resultados Participaron doscientos sesenta y tres (263) estudiantes. La mayoría presentaban niveles de edadismo bajos o muy bajos (83,3%). Los estudiantes más edadistas presentaban mayores niveles de sexismo hostil (OR=1,07; p<0,01) y más ansiedad por el envejecimiento (OR=1,10; p<0,05) que los estudiantes que puntuaron bajo en edadismo. Por otra parte, ser alumno de grado fue un factor protector frente a este tipo de sesgo comparado con la realización de estudios de posgrado (OR=0,31; p<0,05). Conclusión Un mayor sexismo hostil y una mayor ansiedad por el envejecimiento se relacionan con un mayor edadismo en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada (España). Las universidades deben brindar conocimiento a sus alumnos sobre este problema y desarrollar programas dirigidos a evitar la discriminación de las personas mayores. (AU)

Background and aims Ageism is the negative perception towards others based on age. The aim of this research was to analyze the levels of ageism and its association with sexism and other factors in university students. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study among the students of the University of Granada. The data was collected through an online survey. Information on sociodemographic and academic variables was collected together with the Negative Stereotypes Questionnaire towards Old Age (CENVE), the Ambivalent Sexism Scale (ASI), the Brief Version of the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPTSQ), the Anxiety Scale for Aging (AE) and the Contact with the Elderly Scale (CPM). Ageism levels were determined and associations with other variables were analyzed. A logistic regression model explored ageism’ associated factors. Results Two hundred and sixty-three students participated. Most had low or very low levels of ageism (83.3%). The most ageist students showed higher hostile sexism (OR=1.07; p<.01) and higher aging anxiety (OR=1.10; p<.05) than students with high scores in ageism. Graduate students showed protector OR for ageism when compared to postgraduate students (OR=.31; p<.05). Conclusions Higher hostile sexism and aging anxiety are associated with higher ageism in students from the University of Granada. Universities must include in their study plans knowledge about this problem and develop programs aimed at avoiding discrimination in the elderly. (AU)

Asociación entre edadismo y sexismo en estudiantes universitarios / Association between ageism and sexism in university students

Antecedentes y objetivos El edadismo es la percepción negativa de las personas por su edad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los niveles de edadismo y su asociación con el sexismo y otros factores en universitarios. Materiales y métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal a través de una encuesta online entre los estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada (España). Se recogió información sobre variables sociodemográficas y académicas y se administró el Cuestionario de estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez (CENVE), la Escala de sexismo ambivalente (ASI), el Cuestionario breve de los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad (BFPTSQ), la Escala sobre la ansiedad por el envejecimiento (AE) y la Escala sobre el contacto con personas mayores (CPM). Se determinaron los niveles de edadismo y se exploraron asociaciones con otras variables. A continuación, se realizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria para conocer los factores asociados a su presencia. Resultados Participaron doscientos sesenta y tres (263) estudiantes. La mayoría presentaban niveles de edadismo bajos o muy bajos (83,3%). Los estudiantes más edadistas presentaban mayores niveles de sexismo hostil (OR=1,07; p<0,01) y más ansiedad por el envejecimiento (OR=1,10; p<0,05) que los estudiantes que puntuaron bajo en edadismo. Por otra parte, ser alumno de grado fue un factor protector frente a este tipo de sesgo comparado con la realización de estudios de posgrado (OR=0,31; p<0,05). Conclusión Un mayor sexismo hostil y una mayor ansiedad por el envejecimiento se relacionan con un mayor edadismo en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada (España). Las universidades deben brindar conocimiento a sus alumnos sobre este problema y desarrollar programas dirigidos a evitar la discriminación de las personas mayores. (AU)

Background and aims Ageism is the negative perception towards others based on age. The aim of this research was to analyze the levels of ageism and its association with sexism and other factors in university students. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study among the students of the University of Granada. The data was collected through an online survey. Information on sociodemographic and academic variables was collected together with the Negative Stereotypes Questionnaire towards Old Age (CENVE), the Ambivalent Sexism Scale (ASI), the Brief Version of the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPTSQ), the Anxiety Scale for Aging (AE) and the Contact with the Elderly Scale (CPM). Ageism levels were determined and associations with other variables were analyzed. A logistic regression model explored ageism’ associated factors. Results Two hundred and sixty-three students participated. Most had low or very low levels of ageism (83.3%). The most ageist students showed higher hostile sexism (OR=1.07; p<.01) and higher aging anxiety (OR=1.10; p<.05) than students with high scores in ageism. Graduate students showed protector OR for ageism when compared to postgraduate students (OR=.31; p<.05). Conclusions Higher hostile sexism and aging anxiety are associated with higher ageism in students from the University of Granada. Universities must include in their study plans knowledge about this problem and develop programs aimed at avoiding discrimination in the elderly. (AU)

Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disruptions and fatigue after traumatic brain injury: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review to determine the nature, variety, and volume of empirical evidence on nonpharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances with potential implications for fatigue in adults sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted across four databases to identify primary studies testing a single non-pharmacological intervention or a combination of non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances and fatigue in community-dwelling adults with TBI. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were reviewed addressing six non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disruptions and fatigue after TBI including light therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, warm footbath application, shiatsu, and sleep hygiene protocol. Non-pharmacological interventions involving light or cognitive-behavioral therapy were reported in 75% of the studies. Actigraphy-based estimation of total sleep time and subjective level of fatigue were frequent outcomes. CONCLUSION: While this scoping review has utility in describing existing non-pharmacological approaches to manage sleep and fatigue after TBI, the findings suggest that interventions are often developed without considering TBI individuals' source of motivation and the need for support in self-administration. Future studies may achieve greater sustainability by considering the evolving needs of TBI patients and their families and the drivers and barriers that might influence non-pharmacological intervention use at home.

[Association between ageism and sexism in university students]. / Asociación entre edadismo y sexismo en estudiantes universitarios.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ageism is the negative perception towards others based on age. The aim of this research was to analyze the levels of ageism and its association with sexism and other factors in university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study among the students of the University of Granada. The data was collected through an online survey. Information on sociodemographic and academic variables was collected together with the Negative Stereotypes Questionnaire towards Old Age (CENVE), the Ambivalent Sexism Scale (ASI), the Brief Version of the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPTSQ), the Anxiety Scale for Aging (AE) and the Contact with the Elderly Scale (CPM). Ageism levels were determined and associations with other variables were analyzed. A logistic regression model explored ageism' associated factors. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-three students participated. Most had low or very low levels of ageism (83.3%). The most ageist students showed higher hostile sexism (OR=1.07; p<.01) and higher aging anxiety (OR=1.10; p<.05) than students with high scores in ageism. Graduate students showed protector OR for ageism when compared to postgraduate students (OR=.31; p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher hostile sexism and aging anxiety are associated with higher ageism in students from the University of Granada. Universities must include in their study plans knowledge about this problem and develop programs aimed at avoiding discrimination in the elderly.

Hospital Environmental Disruptors and Caregiver Sleep During Hospitalization.

PURPOSE: Caregivers must cope with a poor sleep environment when caring for someone admitted to the hospital. The aim was to study the environmental factors associated with a sleep disruption pattern in caregivers during hospitalization and to test their association with caregivers' insomnia symptoms. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: One hundred twenty-three caregivers completed the study. The effect of environmental stimuli on sleep disruption was measured on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 = no disruption, 10 = significant disruption). Type of room (single vs shared), insomnia symptoms, anxiety and depression, and patients' dependence (Barthel Index) were assessed as well. Caregiver and patient characteristics as well as identified hospital disruptors were compared with Student t test, χ2 test, and Fisher exact test according to the caregivers' type of room. A linear regression model using main caregiver and patient sociodemographic variables, questionnaires, and the sum of all hospital disruptors determined the factors associated with caregivers' insomnia symptoms. RESULTS: Of the caregivers and their care recipients, 51.2% shared a room with 1 to 2 other patients. Higher self-reported levels of sleep disruption due to environmental stimuli were found in shared rooms when compared with single rooms (eg, nursing care, noise, and light) (P < .05). Hospital sleep disruptors (adjusted regression coefficient, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.24) and caregiver anxiety (adjusted regression coefficient, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.81) were predictors for insomnia (P < .01). However, caregivers' type of room was not associated with insomnia severity symptoms (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions are urgent to implement, such as relieving caregivers from patient needs during the night, providing them with single rooms, and conducting multiple nursing tasks in 1 visit to minimize night hospital noise.

Sleep Location and Its Association with Caregiver Sleep Quality During Patient Hospital Admission.

During acute hospitalization, many caregivers decide to stay at the care recipient's bedside over the course of several days or months, coping with a stressful situation and a poor sleeping environment. Our objective was to characterize caregiver sleep-wake cycles during care recipient hospital admission and test the association between sleep location (home versus hospital) and caregiver sleep. Eighty-six informal caregivers (78.8% female; age 55.47 ± 12.43 years) were recruited. For seven consecutive days, caregivers wore actigraphy devices and filled a sleep diary indicating whether they had slept at the hospital or at home. Caregiver insomnia symptoms, anxiety, and depression along with patient dependence were also assessed. Nighttime total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, and fragmentation index were described. Mixed-model analyses were used to evaluate the effect of the overnight location (home versus hospital) on caregiver sleep quality. In total, 38.4% of caregivers exhibited poor objective sleep efficiencies (< 80%), and 43% of caregivers reported having moderate to severe insomnia symptoms. Caregivers mostly slept at the hospital (n = 53), but some slept at home (n = 14) or between both locations (n = 19). Mixed-model analyses using actigraphy showed that caregivers had significantly better sleep quality when resting at home regarding wake after sleep onset, fragmentation index, and sleep efficiency (p < .05). Caregivers experienced poor sleep quality during care recipients' hospitalization, specifically when sleeping at the hospital versus sleeping at home. Healthcare workers should ensure caregivers' well-being and strongly encourage caregivers to rest at home whenever possible.

Insomnia Symptoms and Associated Factors in Caregivers of Adult Hospitalized Patients.

Caregivers experience high levels of emotional stress and must cope with several clinical and hospital-related environmental factors that seriously impact their night's rest. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in a sample of caregivers of adult hospitalized patients and to examine the relationships between insomnia symptoms and patient and caregiver-associated factors. A total of 152 caregivers were enrolled from the two main hospitals in Granada, Spain. Sociodemographic, economic, and care-related data were collected. Insomnia symptoms, burden, anxiety and depression, social support, and resilience were assessed. Information on patients' hospital admission, dependence, and neuropsychiatric symptoms was also obtained. Most caregivers were middle-aged women caring for their spouses. Self-reported insomnia prevalence was set at 45.4%. Comparison analyses between caregivers suffering from insomnia symptoms and non-insomniacs showed significantly higher burden, anxiety and depression and patients' neuropsychiatric symptoms (p < 0.05) and lower resilience and social support in the former (p < 0.01). A regression analysis showed that anxiety (ORa = 1.15; p < 0.05) and higher caregiver education level (ORa = 5.50; p < 0.05) were factors significantly associated with insomnia symptoms. Patients' neuropsychiatric symptoms showed a trend toward statistical significance as well (ORa = 1.09; p = 0.06). There is an acute need to address, prevent and treat insomnia problems in caregivers.

Type 2 Diabetes-Related Variants Influence the Risk of Developing Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis.

In this study, we have evaluated whether 57 genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-identified common variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) influence the risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) in a population of 304 Caucasian PCa patients and 686 controls. The association of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of PCa was validated through meta-analysis of our data with those from the UKBiobank and FinnGen cohorts, but also previously published genetic studies. We also evaluated whether T2D SNPs associated with PCa risk could influence host immune responses by analysing their correlation with absolute numbers of 91 blood-derived cell populations and circulating levels of 103 immunological proteins and 7 steroid hormones. We also investigated the correlation of the most interesting SNPs with cytokine levels after in vitro stimulation of whole blood, peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and monocyte-derived macrophages with LPS, PHA, Pam3Cys, and Staphylococcus Aureus. The meta-analysis of our data with those from six large cohorts confirmed that each copy of the FTOrs9939609A, HNF1Brs7501939T, HNF1Brs757210T, HNF1Brs4430796G, and JAZF1rs10486567A alleles significantly decreased risk of developing PCa (p = 3.70 × 10-5, p = 9.39 × 10-54, p = 5.04 × 10-54, p = 1.19 × 10-71, and p = 1.66 × 10-18, respectively). Although it was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing, we also found that the NOTCH2rs10923931T and RBMS1rs7593730 SNPs associated with the risk of developing PCa (p = 8.49 × 10-4 and 0.004). Interestingly, we found that the protective effect attributed to the HFN1B locus could be mediated by the SULT1A1 protein (p = 0.00030), an arylsulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. In addition to these results, eQTL analysis revealed that the HNF1Brs7501939, HNF1Brs757210, HNF1Brs4430796, NOTCH2rs10923931, and RBMS1rs7593730 SNPs influence the risk of PCa through the modulation of mRNA levels of their respective genes in whole blood and/or liver. These results confirm that functional TD2-related variants influence the risk of developing PCa, but also highlight the need of additional experiments to validate our functional results in a tumoral tissue context.

Insomnia Symptoms, Sleep Hygiene, Mental Health, and Academic Performance in Spanish University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia has been associated with decreased academic performance and unhealthy behaviors in university students. Although many studies have analyzed sleep phenomenology among this population, only few have focused on insomnia and its related variables. In addition, such studies do not always include a clinical interview or a specific and validated instrument for measuring insomnia. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and the relationship between insomnia and health habits, mental health, and academic performance in a large university student sample. METHODS: Five hundred and eighty-two students were recruited from the University of Granada, Spain. Data were collected through an online survey with questions on sociodemographic and academic data and health habits as well as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, Sleep Hygiene Index, and Sleepiness, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. A multiple regression analysis explored the relationship between academic performance, health habits, mood state, and insomnia symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of students with symptoms of insomnia was high (39.7%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that depression, sleep hygiene, stress and anxiety were significant predictors of insomnia symptoms. Multivariate analyses revealed that subjective insomnia symptoms, sleep efficiency, and depression were significantly correlated with academic performance in a dependent way. CONCLUSIONS: In university students, anxiety, stress, and poor sleep hygiene are risk factors for insomnia, which plays an important role in academic performance. Promoting sleep and mental health could be a potentially effective way to improve their academic performance.

Interventions that Improve Sleep in Caregivers of Adult Care-Recipients: A Systematic Review.

The purpose of the present review was to compile and analyze all interventions aimed at improving the sleep-rest pattern of adult caregivers. A database search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Twenty-four papers published between 1998 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. Informal caregivers can benefit from various types of sleep interventions, including (a) cognitive-behavioral sleep interventions (CBIs), (b) caregiver health interventions (CHIs), and (c) exercise programs. Other types of interventions such as acupressure, back massage, reflexology, music, and heart rate variability biofeedback sessions may have beneficial effects on the sleep of caregivers. Yet, studies on this topic are heterogeneous and often have considerable methodological shortcomings. Few clinical trials have explored sleep problems as a dyadic caregiver-patient relationship. It is necessary to conduct new clinical trials to determine the viability and level of evidence of the various strategies aimed at improving sleep of informal caregivers.

Incidence of post-anesthetic respiratory complications in pediatrics. Observational, single-center study in Medellin, Colombia / Incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias postanestésicas en pacientes pediátricos. Estudio observacional en un hospital en Medellín, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Post-anesthetic complications, particularly respiratory complications, continue to be a source of concern due to their high frequency, particularly in pediatrics. Objective: To describe the incidence of respiratory complications in the post-anesthesia care unit of an intermediate complexity center during a six-month period, and to explore the variables associated with major respiratory complications. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cohort study based on clinical record reviews. The records of the post-anesthesia care unit of an intermediate complexity pediatric institution located in Medellin, Colombia, were reviewed. This center uses a nursing-based care model that includes patient extubation in the post-anesthesia care unit. Results: The records of 1181 patients were analyzed. The cumulative incidences of major complications were bronchospasm 1.44%, laryngospasm 0.68% and respiratory depression 0.59%. There were no cases of cardiac arrest or acute pulmonary edema. A history of respiratory infection less than 15 days before the procedure, rhinitis and female sex were associated with major respiratory complications. Conclusions: A low frequency of respiratory complications was found during care provided by nursing staff trained in anesthesia recovery and pediatric airway in the post-anesthesia care unit.

Resumen Introducción: Las complicaciones postanestésicas, especialmente las respiratorias, siguen siendo causa de preocupación por su alta frecuencia, en particular, en la población pediátrica. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos de una institución de mediana complejidad, en un período de seis meses y explorar las variables relacionadas con las complicaciones respiratorias mayores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, basado en la valoración de historias clínicas. Se revisaron los registros de la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos de una institución pediátrica de mediana complejidad ubicada en Medellín. Esta institución utiliza un modelo de atención -basado en enfermería- que incluye la extubación del paciente en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos. Resultados: Se analizaron los registros de 1181 pacientes. La incidencia acumulada de complicaciones mayores fue: broncoespasmo 1,44 %, laringoespasmo 0,68 % y depresión respiratoria 0,59 %. No se presentaron casos de paro cardiaco ni de edema agudo de pulmón. El antecedente de infección respiratoria menor a 15 días, rinitis y sexo femenino se asociaron con complicaciones respiratorias mayores. Conclusiones: Durante la atención en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos por parte del personal de enfermería entrenado en la recuperación de la anestesia y de la vía aérea de los pacientes pediátricos, se encontró una baja frecuencia de complicaciones respiratorias.

Development and Validation of a Questionnaire on Motivation for Cooperative Playful Learning Strategies.

Playful learning strategies, such as educational gamification, game-based learning, and escape rooms are increasingly being incorporated into the university education system. In this study, it aims to develop and validate an instrument to analyze motivation regarding the use of playful learning strategies in university students. A total of 450 university students aged between 18 and 55 (Mean = 22.72; Standard Deviation = 5.01) were part of the sample, with whom playful strategies were implemented during the 2019/2020 school year. The results obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis indicate that the questionnaire on motivation for playful learning strategies has adequate psychometric properties to assess the motivation and perception of student learning in the implementation of ludic strategies in the classroom in the Spanish university context.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Sleep Hygiene Index.

The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) has shown adequate psychometric properties in samples from several countries but has not been validated in Spanish. The aims of the study were to translate the original (i.e., English) version of the SHI into Spanish and to evaluate the psychometric properties of this instrument (i.e., factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity) in Spanish adults. The overall sample, comprising 548 university students, was divided into two groups based on their self-reported insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index) because sleep hygiene has been shown to be closely related to insomnia. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale were used for testing concurrent validity. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale was used for testing predictive validity. Three items were dropped from the original SHI scale due to their low factor loadings. The principal component analysis revealed a four-factor solution for the SHI, accounting for 65.58% of the total variance in the overall sample, for 65.34% in the noninsomnia group, and for 63.50% in the insomnia group. Factor 1 comprised items regarding sleep-disrupting behaviors; Factor 2 comprised items regarding cognitive activation; Factor 3 comprised items about bedroom comfort; and Factor 4 comprised items on sleep/wake time. Omega coefficient indices for the SHI ranged from 0.751 to 0.878 in the overall sample, from 0.734 to 0.822 in the noninsomnia group, and from 0.724 to 0.835 in the insomnia group. The Spanish version of the SHI can be regarded as a reliable tool with adequate concurrent and predictive validity for assessing sleep hygiene in Spanish people with or without insomnia symptoms.

Polymorphisms within the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 Loci Influence the Risk of Developing Invasive Aspergillosis: A Two-Stage Case Control Study in the Context of the aspBIOmics Consortium.

Here, we assessed whether 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 loci influence the risk of developing invasive aspergillosis (IA). We conducted a two-stage case control study including 911 high-risk patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies that were ascertained through the aspBIOmics consortium. The meta-analysis of the discovery and replication populations revealed that carriers of the TNFSF4 rs7526628T/T genotype had a significantly increased risk of developing IA (p = 0.00022). We also found that carriers of the TNFSF4 rs7526628T allele showed decreased serum levels of TNFSF14 protein (p = 0.0027), and that their macrophages had a decreased fungicidal activity (p = 0.048). In addition, we observed that each copy of the MAPKAPK2 rs12137965G allele increased the risk of IA by 60% (p = 0.0017), whereas each copy of the MAPKAPK2 rs17013271T allele was estimated to decrease the risk of developing the disease (p = 0.0029). Mechanistically, we found that carriers of the risk MAPKAPK2 rs12137965G allele showed increased numbers of CD38+IgM-IgD- plasmablasts in blood (p = 0.00086), whereas those harboring two copies of the allele had decreased serum concentrations of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (p = 0.00097). Finally, we also found that carriers of the protective MAPKAPK2 rs17013271T allele had decreased numbers of CD27-IgM-IgD- B cells (p = 0.00087) and significantly lower numbers of CD14+ and CD14+CD16- cells (p = 0.00018 and 0.00023). Altogether, these results suggest a role of the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 genes in determining IA risk.

Adaptation and Validation of the Scale of Types of Users in Gamification with the Spanish Adolescent Population.

The video game has been one of the phenomena with the greatest impact on the entire social fabric, and especially among young people. Therefore, it is essential to understand the interaction between the players and the video game itself. However, few instruments have been designed to assess the types of players in the adolescent population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to validate the Gamification User Types Hexad Scale for the Spanish adolescent population. The sample of participants consisted of 1345 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale, a confirmatory factor analysis and a multi-group analysis of invariance by sex were performed. The results provide evidence of a valid and reliable six-factor instrument to measure the types of players in the Spanish adolescent population, regardless of their sex.

Development of a pharmaceutical care program in progressive stages in geriatric institutions.

BACKGROUND: To introduce and manage a Pharmaceutical care programs in geriatric care institutions presents difficulties such as reduced pharmacy service staff, complexity of the patients or lack of integration of the pharmacist in the health care team. This work describes the evolution of the implementations of a program of pharmaceutical care centered in drug related problems (DRP) in a group of geriatric institutions of different levels of complexity. METHODS: Setting: Long-term and subacute care hospitals (HSS) and Health care teams attending nursing homes (EARs). PARTICIPANTS: Patients attended in HSS and EARs during different periods between 2010 and 2016. INTERVENTIONS: The program was developed in different stages, in which pharmacists made interventions of increasing complexity. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2013, the approach was only to improve the prescription of non-appropriate drugs for the elderly, which was reduced from 19 to 14.5%. Subsequent steps included detection of drug-related problems (DRP), systematization of treatment revisions, recording of pharmacist interventions, improvements in the classification of interventions and the creation of a web-based database for recording in a more efficient way. During these years, there was an increase in the number of patients included in pharmaceutical care activities and thus the number of pharmacist interventions (3872 in 2014 vs 5903 in 2016). In 2016, mean age in 2016: 83.2 years old. Mean number of medicines/patient: 8.4 ± 3.3, and mean interventions/patient: 1.62. Degree of acceptance of the interventions by physicians improved (68.6% in 2016 vs 45.5% in 2012), even though there is still much work to do. The Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) showed that when the interventions were accepted, there was an important improvement. HSS mean MAI values pre-intervention: 2.52, post-intervention 0.80. In EARs: 5 pre and 1.39 post. In both cases p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Approaching the deployment of activities in a progressive way has made us more efficient and able to confront and solve the problems that have arisen. Even though there has been a very restricted increase in the staff and budget, we are able to implement a DRP detection programme with guaranties of quality.

Pharmacist Intervention Program at Different Rent Levels of Geriatric Healthcare.

As a pharmacy service giving pharmaceutical care at different levels of health care for elderly people, we needed a standardization procedure for recording and evaluating pharmacists' interventions. Our objective was to homogenize pharmacist interventions; to know physicians' acceptance of our recommendations, as well as the most prevalent drug related problems (DRP); and the impact of the pharmacists' interventions. To achieve this goal we conducted a one year prospective study at two levels of health care: 176 nursing homes (EAR) (8828 patients) and 2 long-term and subacute care hospitals (HSS) (268 beds). Pharmacists' interventions were recorded using the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists classification as the basis. Frequency of the different DRP and the level of response and acceptance on the part of physicians was determined. The Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) was used to evaluate the impact of the interventions on the prescription quality. Patients' mean age was 84.2 (EAR) and 80.7 (HSS), and in both cases, polypharmacy ≥ 9 drugs was around 63-69%. There were 4073 interventions done in EAR and 2560 in HSS. Level of response: 44% (EAR), 79% (HSS); degree of acceptance of the recommendations: 84% (EAR), 72% (HSS). Most frequent DRP: inappropriate dose, length of therapy, omissions, and financial impact. Drugs for the nervous system are those with the most DRP. MAI values/medication improved from 4.4 to 2.7 (EAR) and 3.8 to 1.7 (HSS). A normalized way of managing pharmacists' interventions for different health care levels has been established. We are on the way to increasing collaborative work with physicians and we know which DRPs are most prevalent.

Calidad de vida y salud mental positiva en menores trabajadores de Toluviejo / Quality of life and positive mental health in working minors from Toluviejo

Es preocupante el impacto que las actividades laborales pueden tener en eldesarrollo y calidad de vida de los menores trabajadores, especialmentecuando estas actividades inician desde temprana edad. Los menores trabajadores en Toluviejo realizan diferentes actividades económicas, participando, entre otras, en la explotación de rocas calcáreas desde los 7 años. Con el objetivo de conocer y comparar la calidad de vida en salud y la salud mental positiva en los menores que trabajan con los que no lo hacen, seseleccionaron intencionalmente 191 menores del colegio del pueblo de loscuales el 18% indicaron trabajar en su tiempo libre. Los resultados arrojaronindicadores más bajos en los menores trabajadores, pero con resultadospoco significativos, lo cual indica que más que el trabajo, el problemamayor son las precarias condiciones en las que viven los menores.

The impact that the labor activities can have in the development and qualityof life of the working minors is worrisome, especially when these activities initiate from early age. The working minors in Toluviejo realise different economic activities, participating, among others, in the calcareous rock operation since they were 7 years old. With the aim of knowing and comparing the quality of life in health and the positive mental health in the minors who work with minors who do not do it, were intentionally selected 191 minorsof the school of the town of which 18% indicated to work in their free time.The results threw lower indicators in the working minors, but with littlesignificant results, which indicates that more than the work, the greaterproblem is the precarious conditions in which the minors live.