The biology and inhibition of glucose-regulated protein 94/gp96.

The 94 kDa molecular chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), has garnered interest during the last decade due to its direct association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disease. Grp94 belongs to the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones and is a master regulator of ER homeostasis due to its ability to fold and stabilize proteins/receptors, and to chaperone misfolded proteins for degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Grp94 knockdown or inhibition leads to the degradation of client protein substrates, which leads to disruption of disease-dependent signaling pathways. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of Grp94 have become a promising therapeutic approach to target a variety of disease states. Specifically, Grp94 has proven to be a promising target for cancer, glaucoma, immune-mediated inflammation, and viral infection. Moreover, Grp94-peptide complexes have been utilized effectively as adjuvants for vaccines against a variety of disease states. This work highlights the significance of Grp94 biology and the development of therapeutics that target this molecular chaperone in multiple disease states.

From Bacteria to Cancer: A Benzothiazole-Based DNA Gyrase B Inhibitor Redesigned for Hsp90 C-Terminal Inhibition.

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that is responsible for the folding and maturation of client proteins that are associated with all ten hallmarks of cancer. Hsp90 N-terminal pan inhibitors have experienced unfavorable results in clinical trials due to induction of the heat shock response (HSR), among other concerns. Novobiocin, a well characterized DNA gyrase B inhibitor, was identified as the first Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitor that manifested anticancer effects without induction of the HSR. In this letter, a library of Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors derived from a benzothiazole-based scaffold, known to inhibit DNA gyrase B, was designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Several compounds were found to manifest low micromolar activity against both MCF-7 and SKBr3 breast cancer cell lines via Hsp90 C-terminal inhibition.