ABSTRACT
In Germany, more than 9 million individuals yearly sustain injuries and more than 30,000 fatal injuries. Based on estimations, preventive measures could avoid more than one half of all accidents and could influence the other half of the accidents such that the injuries caused are minor. The aim of an initiative of the Study Group on Injury Prevention of the German Trauma Society (DGU) is a complete inventory of all prevention programs from different expert groups in Germany. A synopsis of the gathered knowledge should serve as a basis for further interdisciplinary preventive measures. The consistent interdisciplinary orientation of this program is a special characteristic including trauma surgery, orthopedics, pediatric surgery, pediatrics, sociology, legal medicine, psychology, sports medicine, geriatrics, anesthesiology, and others. Special attention was also directed to the age groups of children/adolescents and the elderly.
Subject(s)
Physician's Role , Wounds and Injuries/prevention & control , Accident Prevention , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Athletic Injuries/epidemiology , Athletic Injuries/etiology , Athletic Injuries/prevention & control , Child , Cooperative Behavior , Cross-Sectional Studies , Germany , Humans , Middle Aged , Multiple Trauma/epidemiology , Multiple Trauma/etiology , Multiple Trauma/prevention & control , Patient Care Team , Risk Factors , Societies, Medical , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , Wounds and Injuries/etiologyABSTRACT
The production of pions and kaons has been measured in 197Au+197Au collisions at beam energies from 0.6 to 1.5A GeV with the kaon spectrometer at SIS/GSI. The K+ meson multiplicity per nucleon is enhanced in Au+Au collisions by factors up to 6 relative to C+C reactions, whereas the corresponding pion ratio is reduced. The ratio of the K+ meson excitation functions for Au+Au and C+C collisions increases with decreasing beam energy. This behavior is expected for a soft nuclear equation-of-state.
ABSTRACT
The emission pattern of charged pions has been measured in Au+Au collisions at 1 GeV/nucleon incident energy. In peripheral collisions and at target rapidities, high-energy pions are emitted preferentially towards the target spectator matter. In contrast, low-energy pions are emitted predominantly in the opposite direction. The corresponding azimuthal anisotropy is explained by the interaction of pions with projectile and target spectator matter. This interaction with the spectator matter causes an effective shadowing which varies with time during the reaction. Our observations show that high-energy pions stem from the early stage of the collision whereas low-energy pions freeze out later.
