Differences in metacognition between multiple sclerosis phenotypes: cognitive impairment and fatigue are key factors.

Background: Cognitive impairment is present in 40-65% of patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Objectively measured cognitive performance often does not match patients' subjective perception of their own performance. Objective: We aimed to compare cognitive performance and subjective perception of cognitive deficits between pwMS and healthy controls (HCs), as well as the accuracy of subjective perception. Methods: In total, 54 HC and 112 pwMS (relapsing-remitting, RRMS, and progressive PMS) underwent neuropsychological evaluation and completed perceived deficit, fatigue, and anxiety-depression scales. Participants were classified according to their consistency between subjective self-evaluation of cognitive abilities and objective cognitive performance to assess accuracy. Regression models were used to compare cognitive performance between groups and explore factors explaining inaccuracy in the estimation of cognitive performance. Results: PMS showed greater and more widespread cognitive differences with HC than RRMS. No differences were found between pwMS and HC in the perception of deficit. PMS had higher ratios of overestimators. In explaining inaccuracy, fatigue and cognitive preservation were found to be risk factors for underestimation, whereas physical disability and cognitive impairment were risk factors for overestimation. Conclusion: PwMS have metacognitive knowledge impairments. This study provides new information about metacognition, data on the prevalence of impairments over a relatively large sample of PwMS, and new insights into factors explaining it. Anosognosia, related to cognitive impairment, may be present in pwMS. Fatigue is a key factor in underestimating cognition.

Utilidad de los diagnósticos alertantes CIE-10 para identificar acontecimientos adversos por los medicamentos en los servicios de urgencias / Usefulness of ICD-10 diagnosis triggers to identify adverse drug events in emergency care

Objetivos: Evaluar la utilidad de una herramienta basada en los códigos diagnósticos CIE-10 para identificar a los pacientes que consultan a un servicio de urgencias por acontecimientos adversos por medicamentos (AAM). Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron los pacientes que acudieron a un servicio de urgencias durante el periodo de mayo-agosto de 2022 con un diagnóstico codificado con alguno de los 27 diagnósticos CIE-10 establecidos como alertantes para el estudio. La confirmación de la presencia de AAM a partir de dichos diagnósticos se realizó analizando los fármacos prescritos previamente al ingreso, a través de un debate entre expertos y mediante una entrevista telefónica con los pacientes. Resultados: Se evaluaron 1.143 pacientes con diagnósticos alertantes, de los cuales 310 (27,1%) correspondieron a pacientes cuya consulta se atribuyó a un AAM. El 58,4% de los AAM se detectaron mediante 3 códigos diagnósticos: K59.0-Estreñimiento (n = 87; 28,1%), I16.9-Crisis hipertensiva (n = 72; 23,2%) e I95.1-Hipotensión ortostática (n = 22; 7,1%). Los códigos diagnósticos con mayor grado de asociación con AAM fueron: E16.2-Hipoglucemia no especificada (73,7%) y E11.65-Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con hiperglucemia (71,4%), mientras que los diagnósticos D62-Anemia poshemorrágica aguda e I74.3-Embolia y trombosis de arterias de los miembros inferiores no identificaron ningún AAM. Conclusiones: Los códigos CIE-10 asociados a diagnósticos alertantes son una herramienta de utilidad para identificar a los pacientes que consultan los servicios de urgencias por AAM y podrían ser utilizados para abordar las intervenciones de prevención secundaria dirigidas a evitar nuevas consultas al sistema sanitario. (AU)

Objectives: To assess the usefulness of a tool based on ICD-10 diagnostic codes to identify patients who consult an emergency department for adverse drug events (ADE). Methods: Prospective observational study, in which patients discharged from an emergency department during May to August 2022 with a diagnosis coded with one of the 27 ICD-10 diagnoses considered as triggers were included. ADE confirmation was carried out by analyzing drugs prescribed prior to admission, and through a discussion among experts and a phone interview with patients after hospital discharge. Results: 1,143 patients with trigger diagnoses were evaluated, of which 310 (27.1%) corresponded to patients whose emergency visit was attributed to an ADE. A 58.4% of ADE consultations were found with three diagnostic codes: K59.0-Constipation (n = 87; 28.1%), I16.9-Hypertensive Crisis (n = 72; 23.2%) and I95.1-Orthostatic hypotension (n = 22; 7.1%). The diagnoses with the highest degree of association with consultations attributed to ADE were E16.2-Hypoglycemia, unspecified (73.7%) and E11.65-Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia (71.4%), while diagnoses D62-Acute posthemorrhagic anemia and I74.3-Embolism and thrombosis of arteries of the lower limbs were not attributed to any case of ADE. Conclusions: The ICD-10 codes associated with trigger diagnoses are a useful tool to identify patients who consult the emergency services with ADE and could be used to apply secondary prevention programs to avoid new consultations to the health care system. (AU)

[Translated article] Usefulness of ICD-10 diagnostic triggers to identify adverse drug events in emergency care.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the usefulness of a tool based on ICD-10 diagnostic codes to identify patients who consult an emergency department for adverse drug events (ADE). METHODS: Prospective observational study, in which patients discharged from an emergency department during May to August 2022 with a diagnosis coded with one of the 27 ICD-10 diagnoses considered as triggers were included. ADE confirmation was carried out by analyzing drugs prescribed prior to admission, and through a discussion among experts and a phone interview with patients after hospital discharge. RESULTS: 1143 patients with trigger diagnoses were evaluated, of which 310 (27.1%) corresponded to patients whose emergency visit was attributed to an ADE. A 58.4% of ADE consultations were found with three diagnostic codes: K59.0-Constipation (n = 87; 28.1%), I16.9-Hypertensive Crisis (n = 72; 23.2%) and I95.1-Orthostatic hypotension (n = 22; 7.1%). The diagnoses with the highest degree of association with consultations attributed to ADE were E16.2-Hypoglycemia, unspecified (73.7%) and E11.65-Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia (71.4%), while diagnoses D62-Acute posthemorrhagic anemia and I74.3-Embolism and thrombosis of arteries of the lower limbs were not attributed to any case of ADE. CONCLUSIONS: The ICD-10 codes associated with trigger diagnoses are a useful tool to identify patients who consult the emergency services with ADE and could be used to apply secondary prevention programs to avoid new consultations to the health care system.

Usefulness of ICD-10 diagnosis triggers to identify adverse drug events in emergency care. / Utilidad de los diagnósticos alertantes CIE-10 para identificar acontecimientos adversos por los medicamentos en los servicios de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the usefulness of a tool based on ICD-10 diagnostic codes to identify patients who consult an emergency department for adverse drug events (ADE). METHODS: Prospective observational study, in which patients discharged from an emergency department during May to August 2022 with a diagnosis coded with one of the 27 ICD-10 diagnoses considered as triggers were included. ADE confirmation was carried out by analyzing drugs prescribed prior to admission, and through a discussion among experts and a phone interview with patients after hospital discharge. RESULTS: 1,143 patients with trigger diagnoses were evaluated, of which 310 (27.1%) corresponded to patients whose emergency visit was attributed to an ADE. A 58.4% of ADE consultations were found with three diagnostic codes: K59.0-Constipation (n = 87; 28.1%), I16.9-Hypertensive Crisis (n = 72; 23.2%) and I95.1-Orthostatic hypotension (n = 22; 7.1%). The diagnoses with the highest degree of association with consultations attributed to ADE were E16.2-Hypoglycemia, unspecified (73.7%) and E11.65-Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia (71.4%), while diagnoses D62-Acute posthemorrhagic anemia and I74.3-Embolism and thrombosis of arteries of the lower limbs were not attributed to any case of ADE. CONCLUSIONS: The ICD-10 codes associated with trigger diagnoses are a useful tool to identify patients who consult the emergency services with ADE and could be used to apply secondary prevention programs to avoid new consultations to the health care system.

Ocular Decompression Retinopathy with Macular Edema after Deep Sclerectomy with Intrascleral Implantation.

We report a case of ocular decompression retinopathy (ODR) with macular edema, diagnosed by optical coherence tomography, after a deep sclerectomy (DS) with an intrascleral implant, resolved with medical therapy 6 months later. The medical literature reports that in 14% of patients suffering from ODR, a pars plana vitrectomy was required, and 15% of patients had a poor final visual acuity. An otherwise healthy 75-year-old man with high myopia and a primary open-angle glaucoma, with previous intraocular pressure (IOP) of 24 mm Hg, underwent a DS with intrascleral implant without complications. The patient suffered postoperatively from ODR with macular edema that required medical therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops (Nepafenac® 0.3%) for a period of 6 months. ODR is an infrequent complication that may occur after any surgical or medical procedure that causes a sudden IOP decrease. The presence of macular edema is only reported in 5% of cases and can occur in patients who report a decreased visual acuity, commonly associated with a retinal hemorrhage. We have described a case of ODR with macular edema after DS with intrascleral implant. Although ODR is considered to cause a low level of morbidity, in some patients this may not be the case.

Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Drugs Are Associated with Contrast Extravasation and Clinical Outcome in Patients with Intracerebral Haemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (SRIs) have been related to the appearance of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Some studies have described bigger haematoma volumes in these patients. So far, no studies have demonstrated an association between SRIs and contrast extravasation (CE). We propose to investigate the relationship of SRIs with CE and clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We aimed a prospective registry of 294 patients with ICH. All previous treatments were registered, including SRIs intake. The presence of CE and the number of spot sign in CT angiography were collected. Early neurological deterioration (END) and late neurological deterioration (LND) were registered. Follow-up was completed at day 90. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-four patients were included, mean age 66.5 years, 27.6% female. A total of 28 (9.5%) were taking SRIs at the time of the ICH. This group of patients presented statistically significantly more CE (46.4 vs. 19.9%, p = 0.012), ≥2 spot sign (25 vs. 6.8%, p = 0.017), END (46.4 vs. 25.2%, p = 0.018) and LND (14.3 vs. 4.9%, p = 0.032). In addition, this group of patients showed a tendency to have higher mortality (32.1 vs. 22.2%, p = 0.553) and a lower functional independence (modified Rankin Scale 0-2) at day 90 (25 vs. 36.5%, p = 0.230). In the multivariate analysis, SRIs intake was identified as an independent predictor of CE (adjusted OR 3.37; 95% CI 1.033-10.989; p = 0.044) together with hematoma volume at baseline and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: In our studied population, previous SRIs intake in patients with ICH was independently associated to CE. Further studies are needed to confirm this association.