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2.
Rev. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr.) ; 69(6): 336-340, nov.-dic. 2013. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-121272

ABSTRACT

La medicina intensiva se ha caracterizado desde sus inicios pro dar soporte no tanto a una patología específica sino al paciente que presenta fallo de la función de uno o varios órganos. Tradicionalmente, dicho enfoque ha consistido en optimiar la función de los órganos mediante el empleo de fármacos específicos (diuréticos, inotropos ... ) y de dispositivos mecániicos (ventilación mecánica). El cambio de paradigma de la última década consiste en pasar de apoyar al órgano enfermo a sustituir completamente su función, a la espera de la recuperación de la misma o bien de realización de un trasplante de ógano. Dicha sustitución de la función de órgano se inició en las Unidades de hemodiálisis, trasladándose después a las unidades de cuidados intensivos en forma de técnicas de depuración renal continua. Los desarrollos tecnológicos más recientes han permitido aplicar el mismo enfoque al fallo respiratorio y/o cardiaco refractarios mediante el empleo de la oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea y/o de los dispositivos de asistencia ventricular. La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos del Hospital Vall d´Hebron inició su programa de Soporte Vital Extracorpóreo en el año 2002, habiendo superado en la actualidad el centenar de tratamietno con estas técnicas. La experiencia acumulada y los resultados actuales nos permiten afirmar que no encontramos en una nueva etapa en la que estas técnicas se han convertido en un cuidado estándar que ha transformado nuestra manera de afrontar la atención al niño críticamente enfermo (AU)


Intensive care medicine is characterized not by the care of a specific set of diseases but by treating those patients who present single or multiple organ failure. The trditional approach has been to optimize organ function by using specific drugs (diuretics, inotropes…) or mechanical devices (mechanical ventilation). During the last decade there has been a paradigmatic hange connsisting in substituting the function of the failing organ instead of trying to ameliorate it, until recovery ensues or an organ transplantation can be carried out. The concept of organ function substitution was introduced through haemodialysis in renal wardas and them brought to itnesive care units in the form of continuoud renal replacement therapy. The most recent technological improvements allow us to apply the same strategy to refractory cardiac and/or respiratory failure by means of extracorporeal membrane oxygentation and/or ventricular assist devices. The Extracorporeal Life Support Program at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Vall d´hebron Hospital started in 2002, more than a hundred patints have been treated so far. The experience acquired and the msot recen outcomes attained allow us to state that these techniques have become a standard o care and that they have transformed the way we approach the care of the critically ill child (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/organization & administration , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods , Organ Transplantation , Critical Care/methods , Cardiac Surgical Procedures
5.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 62(2): 105-12, 2005 Feb.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15701304

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To perform an epidemiologic study of artificial nutrition in critically-ill pediatric patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter, prospective and descriptive study was conducted in 23 Spanish intensive care units (ICU) (18 pediatric ICUs and five pediatric/neonatal ICUs) over a 1-month period. Artificial nutrition (AN) was required by 165 critically-ill patients (21.4 %). Data on diagnosis, severity, treatment, type of nutrition administered and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 54.4 % of the participants were younger than 1 year, 19.4 % were aged between 1 and 5 years old, 15.7 % between 5 and 10 years old and 13.4 % were older than 10 years. ICU mean length stay was 11 days. One hundred six patients were administered enteral nutrition (EN): 67.9 % continuous nasogastric EN, 27.4 intermittent nasogastric EN, 16 % nasojejunal EN, 2.8 % gastrostomy EN. Eighty patients required parenteral nutrition (PN): 86.3 % central PN, 20 % peripheral PN. No significant differences were found between patients with EN and PN in mean energy intake, days receiving AN, diagnosis at admission to the ICU, disease severity (measured by PRISM III) or intensive support techniques. The EN group required greater inotropic support. Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation had equal mortality independent of the type of AN. The most common complications in EN were: 17.9 % emesis, 13.2 % abdominal distension, 11.3 % diarrhea, 4.7 % gastric residual volumes, and 6.6 % hypokalemia. In PN complications consisted of: 5 % catheter related infection, 1.3 % thrombophlebitis, 7.5 % hyponatremia, 3.8 % hypoglycemia, 6.3 % hypophosphatemia and 3.8 % hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSIONS: EN provides critically-ill children with adequate energy intake and is well tolerated. Therefore, if there are no contraindications, EN should be the system of choice in the critically-ill patient requiring AN.


Subject(s)
Enteral Nutrition/statistics & numerical data , Parenteral Nutrition/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Enteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units , Male , Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects
6.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 62(2): 105-112, feb. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-037922

ABSTRACT

Estudio epidemiológico de nutrición artificial (NA) en niños críticamente enfermos. Pacientes y métodos Durante el período de un mes se ha realizado un estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo y descriptivo de nutrición enteral (NE) y parenteral (NP) en 23 unidades españolas de cuidados intensivos, 18 pediátricas y cinco, pediátricas/ neonatales. Precisaron NA 165 pacientes (21,4%). Se analizaron los datos referentes al diagnóstico, gravedad, tratamiento, tipo de nutrición administrada y complicaciones. Resultados El 51,4% tenían menos de un año, el 19,4 %, entre 1 y 5 años; el 15,7 %, entre 5 y 10 años y el 13,4 %, más de 10 años. La estancia media fue 11 días. Recibieron diferentes técnicas de NE en la evolución 106 casos; de éstos, el 67,9 %, nasogástrica continua; el 27,4 %, nasogástrica intermitente; el 16 %, nasoyeyunal; y el 2,8 %, por gastrostomía. Necesitaron NP 80 casos: el 86,3% central, y el 20 %, periférica. No existieron diferencias entre los pacientes con NE y NP con respecto al diagnóstico en unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos, grado de gravedad (medido mediante la escala pediátrica de riesgo de mortalidad [PRIMS-III]), técnicas de soporte intensivo, aporte calórico y duración de la nutrición. El grupo de NE precisó mayor apoyo inotrópico. Los pacientes críticos con ventilación mecánica tenían igual mortalidad con independencia del tipo de NA. Las complicaciones más frecuentes en NE fueron: 17,9 %, vómitos; 13,2 %, distensión abdominal; 11,3%, diarrea; 4,7%, restos gástricos; y 6,6 %, hipopotasemia. En la NP las complicaciones más destacadas fueron la infección relacionada con el catéter (5 %), tromboflebitis (1,3 %), hiponatremia (7,5 %), hipoglucemia (3,8 %), hipofosfatemia (6,3 %) e hipertrigliceridemia (3,8 %). Conclusiones Con la nutrición enteral se consigue en el paciente críticamente enfermo aportes calóricos adecuados, con buena tolerancia por lo que debe ser, salvo contraindicaciones, el sistema de elección de la nutrición artificial


Objective To perform an epidemiologic study of artificial nutrition in critically-ill pediatric patients. Patients and methods A multicenter, prospective and descriptive study was conducted in 23 Spanish intensive care units (ICU) (18 pediatric ICUs and five pediatric/neonatal ICUs) over a 1-month period. Artificial nutrition (AN) was required by 165 critically-ill patients (21.4 %). Data on diagnosis, severity, treatment, type of nutrition administered and complications were analyzed. Results A total of 54.4% of the participants were younger than 1 year, 19.4% were aged between 1 and 5 years old, 15.7% between 5 and 10 years old and 13.4 % were older than 10 years. ICU mean length stay was 11 days. One hundred six patients were administered enteral nutrition (EN): 67.9% continuous nasogastric EN, 27.4 intermittent nasogastric EN, 16 % nasojejunal EN, 2.8 % gastrostomy EN. Eighty patients required parenteral nutrition (PN): 86.3% central PN, 20 % peripheral PN. No significant differences were found between patients with EN and PN in mean energy intake, days receiving AN, diagnosis at admission to the ICU, disease severity (measured by PRISM III) or intensive support techniques. The EN group required greater inotropic support. Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation had equal mortality independent of the type of AN. The most common complications in EN were: 17.9 % emesis, 13.2 % abdominal distension, 11.3% diarrhea, 4.7% gastric residual volumes, and 6.6 % hypokalemia. In PN complications consisted of: 5% catheter related infection, 1.3 % thrombophlebitis, 7.5% hyponatremia, 3.8% hypoglycemia, 6.3% hypophosphatemia and 3.8 % hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusions EN provides critically-ill children with adequate energy intake and is well tolerated. Therefore, if there are no contraindications, EN should be the system of choice in the critically-ill patient requiring AN


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Humans , Enteral Nutrition/statistics & numerical data , Parenteral Nutrition/statistics & numerical data , Enteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Intensive Care Units , Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects
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