Slovenian Validation of the Children's Perceived Use of Self-Regulated Learning Inventory.

The importance of self-regulated learning (SRL) has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and measures for assessing students' self-regulation skills and knowledge are greatly needed. We present the results of the first thorough adaptation of the Children's Perceived use of Self-Regulated Learning Inventory (CP-SRLI). The inventory, consisting of 15 scales measuring nine components of SRL, was administered to a sample of 541 Slovenian ninth graders. Confirmatory factor analyses supported internal structure validity of most components, but two components required some structural modifications. Internal consistency coefficients were acceptable for the majority of scale scores and were highly comparable to the original ones. While metric invariance across gender was confirmed, the scalar invariance of some scales needs further examination. Meaningful correlations with relevant externally assessed and self-reported self-regulation and school performance variables indicated good criterion validity of the inventory. The Slovenian version of the CP-SRLI thus proved to be a sufficiently valid and reliable instrument for assessing pupils' learning self-regulation.

Individuation in relation to parents as a predictor of career goals and career optimism in emerging adults.

The aim of this study was to examine the associations of Slovenian emerging adults' individuation characteristics (in relation to mother and father) with career goals and career optimism. We were interested in contributions of age, gender, certainty of study choice, and individuation dimensions when predicting intrinsic/extrinsic career goals and career optimism. The participants provided self-reports on the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults, the Career Goals Scale and the Career Futures Inventory. The results showed that age did not relate to emerging adults' career goals; however, older students reported lower career optimism than their younger counterparts. Furthermore, certainty of study choice was the most important predictor of career optimism, and, along with gender, of intrinsic career goals. Emerging adults who reported higher connectedness with both parents and self-reliance in relation to mother had higher intrinsic career goals, while self-reliance in relation to mother was positively associated with stronger optimism about an individual's future career. Fear of disappointing both parents significantly contributed to the prediction of extrinsic career goals and optimism, while parental intrusiveness did not add significantly to the prediction of the two measured career outcomes. The study confirmed the correlational effects of positive and negative aspects of individuation on career outcomes in emerging adulthood.

Development of the Short Version of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA-S) and Its Measurement Invariance Across Slovene and U.S. Emerging Adults.

In this study we developed a short version of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA-S) and tested its measurement invariance across Slovene and U.S. samples of emerging adults. The item reduction process resulted in retaining 21 out of 36 items. The content analysis of the retained and discarded items revealed that the ITEA-S adequately measures the 5 individuation domains (support seeking, connectedness, intrusiveness, self-reliance, and fear of disappointing the parent). In our samples, the ITEA-S demonstrated evidence for construct validity and its 5 scales showed adequate internal consistency. The scale scores were also meaningfully associated with the relevant demographic variables in both countries, as well as the three scales of the Psychological Separation Inventory (Hoffman, 1984 ; the Slovene sample), and the scales of the Differentiation of Self-Revised questionnaire (Skowron & Schmitt, 2003 ; the U.S. sample). The results of multiple group confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesis of full metric and partial scalar invariance for both ITEA-S forms (in relation to mother and father) across the 2 country groups.

Development and construct validation of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA).

This article presents the construction, exploratory dimensionality analysis (Study 1), and validation (Study 2) of the self-report and 36-item Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA). It is the first instrument to measure different aspects of individuation (in relation to mother and father) specifically in emerging adulthood. The construct validity of the final 5-factor structure (Support Seeking, Connectedness, Intrusiveness, Self-Reliance, and Fear of Disappointing the Parent) was satisfactory. The results of multigroup analyses demonstrated that the factor structure is stable across male and female emerging adults for ITEA assessments in relation to both mother and father. The ITEA scales also show good internal consistency and concurrent validity against Emotional, Conflictual, and Functional Dependence scales of the Psychological Separation Inventory.

Psychometric properties and clinical cut-off scores of the Spanish version of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents.

This study examined the reliability and validity evidence drawn from the scores of the Spanish version of the Slovenian-developed Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SASA; Puklek, 1997; Puklek & Vidmar, 2000) using a community sample (Study 1) and a clinical sample (Study 2). Confirmatory factor analysis in Study 1 replicated the 2-factor structure found by the original authors in a sample of Slovenian adolescents. Test-retest reliability was adequate. Furthermore, the SASA correlated significantly with other social anxiety scales, supporting concurrent validity evidence in Spanish adolescents. The results of Study 2 confirmed the correlations between the SASA and other social anxiety measures in a clinical sample. In addition, findings revealed that the SASA can effectively discriminate between adolescents with a clinical diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and those without this disorder. Finally, cut-off scores for the SASA are provided for Spanish adolescents.

Reliability and validity evidence of scores on the Slovene version of the questionnaire about interpersonal difficulties for adolescents.

This study analyzed the psychometric properties of scores on the Slovene version of the Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents (QIDA) in a sample of 1,334 adolescents (44% boys), ranging in age from 12 to 18 years (M = 15.61). Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the correlated five-factor structure of the QIDA: Assertiveness, Heterosexual Relationships, Public Speaking, Family Relationships, and Close Friendships. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were reasonable. Correlations of scores on the QIDA with scores of neuroticism, low extraversion, and low openness, as measured by the Inventory of Child/Adolescent Individual Differences, and scores of fear of negative evaluation, and tension and inhibition in social contacts, as measured by the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents were found, revealing differential links with QIDA subscale scores. Girls reported more difficulties than boys. Age differences showed a small but significant decrease in QIDA total score over adolescence.

Patterns of individuation in Slovenian adolescents and their relationship with adolescents' perceptions of parents, friends and teachers / /Patrones de individuación en adolescentes eslovenos y la relación con su percepción sobre sus padres, amigos y profesores

Investigaciones anteriores sobre el proceso de individualización en la adolescencia se han centrado en el análisis de escalas concretas de separación-individualización. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron (1) identificar grupos de adolescentes con diferentes perfiles de individuación en relación con los padres y (2) saber cómo estos grupos perciben sus relaciones en tres contextos sociales. Participaron 546 adolescentes, quienes completaron cuestionarios sobre los aspectos del desarrollo implicados en el proceso de separación-individualización, así como sobre el apoyo emocional, la regulación del comportamiento y el apoyo a la autonomía/el control psicológico experimentados en las relaciones con los padres, amigos y profesores. El análisis de conglomerados mostró cuatro grupos distintivos de individualización: relación de conexión con los padres sin amenazas a la autonomía; relación individualizada con los padres sin amenazas a la autonomía; relación ambivalente con los padres con amenazas a la autonomía; y relación de evitación con los padres con amenazas a la autonomía. Las diferencias más significativas aparecieron entre los grupos de adolescentes “conectados” y los “evitadores”. Estos últimos experimentan condiciones de socialización menos favorables en los tres contextos sociales, y por lo tanto pueden ser propensos a presentar menores niveles de adaptación psicosocial (AU)

Previous research about individuation in adolescence mainly focused on analyzing single scales of separation-individuation. The main goals of the present study were (1) to identify groups of adolescents with different profiles of individuation in relation to parents and (2) to find out how these different groups perceive their relationships in three social contexts. N= 546 early, middle and late adolescents participated in the study. They completed questionnaires on developmentally normative aspects of separation-individuation as well as on emotional support, behavioural regulation and autonomy support/psychological control experienced in relationships with parents, friends and teachers. A cluster analysis that was computed for the seven individuation scales showed four distinctive groups of individuation: connected relationship with parents with non-threatened autonomy, individuated relationship with parents with non-threatened autonomy, ambivalent relationship with parents with threatened autonomy, and avoidant relationship with parents with threatened autonomy. The most distinctive differences appeared between the “connected” and the “avoidant” group of adolescents. The latter experience less favourable socialisation conditions in all three social contexts and may thus be prone to less adaptive psychosocial outcomes