Network Substrates of Centromedian Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Generalized Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), specifically thalamic DBS, has achieved promising results to reduce seizure severity and frequency in pharmacoresistant epilepsies, thereby establishing it for clinical use. The mechanisms of action are, however, still unknown. We evidenced the brain networks directly modulated by centromedian (CM) nucleus-DBS and responsible for clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients uniquely diagnosed with generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Preoperative imaging and long-term (2-11 years) clinical data from ten generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy patients (mean age at surgery = 30.8 ± 5.9 years, 4 female) were evaluated. Volume of tissue activated (VTA) was included as seeds to reconstruct the targeted network to thalamic DBS from diffusion and functional imaging data. CM-DBS clinical outcome improvement (> 50%) appeared in 80% of patients and was tightly related to VTAs interconnected with a reticular system network encompassing sensorimotor and supplementary motor cortices, together with cerebellum/brainstem. Despite methodological differences, both structural and functional connectomes revealed the same targeted network. Our results demonstrate that CM-DBS outcome in generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy is highly dependent on the individual connectivity profile, involving the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits. The proposed framework could be implemented in future studies to refine stereotactic implantation or the parameters for individualized neuromodulation.

Bases de la estimulación cerebral profunda / Bases of deep brain stimulation

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimulación cerebral profunda es una terapia eficaz que está siendo utilizada en un número creciente de indicaciones. Los mecanismos mediante los cuales ejerce efecto terapéutico aún se desconocen en su mayor parte, si bien cada vez se dispone de más datos sobre su influencia en diversos niveles. OBJETIVO: Revisar la bibliografía existente sobre el mecanismo de acción de la estimulación cerebral profunda. Desarrollo. La estimulación cerebral profunda actúa sobre el tejido cerebral estimulado en varios niveles, molecular, celular y de redes neuronales. En su efectividad intervienen factores espaciales, temporales y eléctricos, pero fundamentalmente parece ejercer su función mediante la sustitución de patrones de disparo anómalos, presentes en ciertas enfermedades neurológicas y psiquiátricas. Otros mecanismos, como la neuroprotección o la neurogénesis, permanecen en estudio. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque aún se desconocen muchos efectos por los cuales la estimulación cerebral profunda actúa en el cerebro, parece un tratamiento complejo, con efectos a gran escala, en los que parece primar la corrección de circuitopatías como mecanismo principal

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation is an effective therapy that is being used in an increasing number of indications. The mechanisms by which it exerts its therapeutic effect are still largely unknown, although there is increasing evidence of its influence at various levels. AIM: To review the existing literature on the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation. DEVELOPMENT. Deep brain stimulation acts on brain tissue that is stimulated at various levels: molecular, cellular and neural networks. Spatial, temporal and electrical factors are involved in its effectiveness, but it mainly seems to perform its function by replacing anomalous firing patterns, which are present in certain neurological and psychiatric diseases. Other mechanisms, such as neuroprotection or neurogenesis, remain under study. CONCLUSIONS: Although many of the effects by which deep brain stimulation acts on the brain are still unknown, it seems to be a complex treatment, with large-scale effects, in which the correction of circuitopathies seems to prevail as the main mechanism

Estimulación cerebral profunda en la epilepsia farmacorresistente / Deep brain stimulation in drug-resistant epilepsy

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) en la epilepsia farmacorresistente se ha aplicado en varias dianas cerebrales. Sin embargo, su mecanismo de acción no se conoce con exactitud, y la diversidad de dianas hace difícil conocer el grado de evidencia que apoya su utilización. DESARROLLO: Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica sobre la ECP para la epilepsia farmacorresistente. La eficacia de la ECP en la epilepsia farmacorresistente parece mediada por una desincronización de la actividad neuronal en el foco epileptógeno o una modulación de las circuitopatías que existen en la epilepsia, dependiendo de la diana. En la ECP se han utilizado múltiples estructuras corticales y subcorticales, pero solamente la ECP del núcleo anterior del tálamo tiene una evidencia de clase I. CONCLUSIONES: La ECP en la epilepsia es aún objeto de investigación, con evidencia de clase I en la ECP del núcleo anterior del tálamo. El resto de las dianas ha arrojado resultados variables que deben confirmarse con diseños aleatorizados en series de mayor tamaño

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in drug-resistant epilepsy has been applied to several brain targets. However, its exact mechanism of action is not known, and the diversity of targets makes it difficult to know the degree of evidence that supports its use. DEVELOPMENT: A review of the literature on DBS for drug-resistant epilepsy was conducted. The efficacy of DBS in drug-resistant epilepsy seems to be mediated by a desynchronisation of neuronal activity at the epileptogenic focus or a modulation of the «circuitopathies» that exist in epilepsy, depending on the target. In DBS multiple cortical and subcortical structures have been used, but class I evidence exists only for DBS of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS: DBS in epilepsy is still under investigation, with class I evidence for DBS of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. The rest of the targets have yielded variable results that must be confirmed with randomised designs in larger series

Deep brain stimulation for aggressiveness: long-term follow-up and tractography study of the stimulated brain areas.

OBJECTIVE: Initial studies applying deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH) to patients with pathological aggressiveness have yielded encouraging results. However, the anatomical structures involved in its therapeutic effect have not been precisely identified. The authors' objective was to describe the long-term outcome in their 7-patient series, and the tractography analysis of the volumes of tissue activated in 2 of the responders. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 7 subjects with pathological aggressiveness. The findings on MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 2 of the responders were analyzed. The authors generated volumes of tissue activated according to the parameters used, and selected those volumes as regions of interest to delineate the tracts affected by stimulation. RESULTS: The series consisted of 5 men and 2 women. Of the 7 patients, 5 significantly improved with stimulation. The PMH, ventral tegmental area, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, and medial forebrain bundle seem to be involved in the stimulation field. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, 5 of 7 medication-resistant patients with severe aggressiveness who were treated with bilateral PMH DBS showed a significant long-lasting improvement. The PMH, ventral tegmental area, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, and medial forebrain bundle seem to be in the stimulation field and might be responsible for the therapeutic effect of DBS.

How I do it? Lumbar cortical bone trajectory fixation with image-guided neuronavigation.

BACKGROUND: Cortical bone trajectory was described in 2009 to reduce screw loosening in osteoporotic patients. Since then, it has demonstrated improvements in biomechanical and perioperative results compared to pedicle screws, and it have been described as a minimally invasive technique. METHOD: We describe our experience with the technique assisted by 3D neuronavigation and review some of the complications and tools to avoid them together with limitations and pitfalls. CONCLUSION: Cortical bone trajectory guided by 3D neuronavigation helps to reduce the need for radiation and incidence of complications.

Metástasis en tejido celular subcutáneo de glioblastoma multiforme: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Subcutaneous tissue metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: A case report and review of the literature

El glioblastoma multiforme es la neoplasia maligna cerebral primaria más frecuente, y a pesar de su curso agresivo, menos del 2% de los pacientes desarrollan metástasis extraneurales. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 72 años con diagnóstico de glioblastoma multiforme temporal derecho por clínica de cefalea. El paciente se intervino con resección macroscópicamente completa y se administró terapia adyuvante. Cinco meses después, reingresa por dolor trigeminal observándose en la RM una masa extracraneal infratemporal que infiltraba el espacio masticador, estructuras óseas, musculatura temporal y ganglios linfáticos cervicales superiores y parotídeos. El paciente se reintervino, alcanzándose la resección parcial de la lesión temporal, tras los cual presentaba persistencia del dolor trigeminal invalidante. Dada la mala situación funcional del paciente y el fracaso del tratamiento se decidió limitar esfuerzo terapéutico, produciéndose el exitus del paciente a las 3 semanas del diagnóstico de la afectación extracraneal

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary brain tumor, despite an aggressive clinical course, less than 2% of patients develop extraneural metastasis. We present a 72-year-old male diagnosed with a right temporal glioblastoma due to headache. He underwent total gross resection surgery and after that the patient was treated with adyuvant therapy. Five months after the patient returned with trigeminal neuralgia, and MRI showed an infratemporal cranial mass which infiltrates masticator space, the surrounding bone, the temporal muscle and superior cervical and parotid lymph nodes. The patient underwent a new surgery reaching partial resection of the temporal lesion. After that the patient continued suffering from disabling trigeminal neuralgia, that's why because of the bad clinical situation and the treatment failure we decided to restrict therapeutic efforts. The patient died 3 weeks after the diagnosis of extracranial metastasis

¿Es posible obtener información de la presión intracraneal a partir de la actividad electroencefalográfica? / Is it possible to extract intracranial pressure information based on the EEG activity?

Introducción. El electroencefalograma (EEG) permite obtener información directa de la actividad bioeléctrica del cerebro y es una herramienta fundamental para la evaluación de la condición neurológica del paciente. En los últimos años ha comenzado a emplearse también para obtener indirectamente información sobre la hemodinámica cerebral y las variables que intervienen en la autorregulación del flujo sanguíneo cerebral. Objetivo. Estudiar la posible relación entre la actividad electroencefalográfica y la presión intracraneal (PIC) en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico y hemorragia subaracnoidea ingresados en cuidados intensivos. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyó a 21 pacientes (10 mujeres) mayores de 18 años con traumatismo craneoencefálico o hemorragia subaracnoidea que requerían monitorización de la PIC y a los que se les registró el EEG de forma continua. Se determinó la causalidad de Granger entre la PIC con respecto a las variables espectrales del EEG para ventanas temporales de 10 minutos durante la estancia en cuidados intensivos. Resultados. La causalidad de Granger mostró una alta correlación entre la PIC con las bandas del EEG. En la mayoría de los pacientes existe una causalidad de Granger significativa en la dirección del EEG hacia la PIC en gran parte del tiempo de monitorización, de forma que las variables del EEG precedían a la PIC. Conclusiones. El presente trabajo expone la relación temporal subyacente entre la dinámica de la PIC y la actividad bioeléctrica cerebral registrada mediante EEG en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico y hemorragia subaracnoidea. El potencial uso de esta relación podría permitir estimar la PIC de manera no invasiva

Introduction. The capability of the electroencephalography (EEG) of recording the bioelectrical activity of the brain has made of it a fundamental tool for the evaluation of the patient’s neurological condition. In recent years, moreover, it has also begun to be used in obtaining information for other kind of variables, as the ones related with the cerebral hemodynamics Aim. To study the potential relationship between the EEG activity and the intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage, during their stay at the intensive care unit. Patients and methods. Twenty-one adult patients (10 women) were included in the present observational prospective cohort study. They suffered from either traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage, requiring continuous EEG and ICP monitoring. In every patient, Granger causality between spectral functions of the EEG and the ICP was evaluated. Temporal windows of 10 minute were used to evaluate whether a causal relationship between those variables exist or not. In all of the cases, several days of continuous recording and assessment were performed. Results. In most patients and during most of the time, Granger causality turns out to be significant in the direction from the EEG to the ICP, meaning that the EEG dynamics actually leads the ICP dynamics. Conclusions. The present work provides useful information and shed light in discovering a hidden relationship between the ICP and EEG dynamics. The potential use of this relationship could lead to develop a medical device to measure ICP in a non-invasive fashion

Subcutaneous tissue metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: A case report and review of the literature. / Metástasis en tejido celular subcutáneo de glioblastoma multiforme: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary brain tumor, despite an aggressive clinical course, less than 2% of patients develop extraneural metastasis. We present a 72-year-old male diagnosed with a right temporal glioblastoma due to headache. He underwent total gross resection surgery and after that the patient was treated with adyuvant therapy. Five months after the patient returned with trigeminal neuralgia, and MRI showed an infratemporal cranial mass which infiltrates masticator space, the surrounding bone, the temporal muscle and superior cervical and parotid lymph nodes. The patient underwent a new surgery reaching partial resection of the temporal lesion. After that the patient continued suffering from disabling trigeminal neuralgia, that's why because of the bad clinical situation and the treatment failure we decided to restrict therapeutic efforts. The patient died 3 weeks after the diagnosis of extracranial metastasis.

Review of Cortical Bone Trajectory: Evidence of a New Technique.

This article summarizes recent evidence on the cortical bone trajectory (CBT) obtained from published anatomical, biomechanical, and clinical studies. CBT was proposed by Santoni in 2009 as a new trajectory that can improve the fixation of pedicle screws in response to screw loosening in osteoporotic patients. Recently, research interest has been growing with increasing numbers of published series and frequent reports of new applications. We performed an online database search using the terms "cortical bone trajectory," "pedicle screw," "CBT spine," "CBT fixation," "MISS CBT," and "traditional trajectory." The search included the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases, resulting in an analysis of 42 articles in total. These covered three aspects of CBT research: anatomical studies, biomechanical parameters, and clinical cases or series. Compared to the traditional trajectory, CBT improves pullout strength, provides greater stiffness in cephalocaudal and mediolateral loading, and shows superior resistance to flexion/extension; however, it is inferior in lateral bending and axial rotation. CBT seems to provide better immediate implant stability. In clinical studies, CBT has shown better perioperative results for blood loss, length of stay in hospital, and surgery time; similar or better clinical postoperative scores; and similar comorbidity, without any major fixation system complications due to instrumentation failure or screw misplacement. In addition, advantages such as less lateral exposure allow it to be used as a minimally invasive technique. However, most of the clinical studies were retrospective case series or case-control studies; prospective evidence on this technique is scarce, making a definitive comparison with the traditional trajectory difficult. Nevertheless, we can conclude that CBT is a safe technique that offers good clinical results with similar biomechanical and perioperative parameters to those of the traditional trajectory. In addition, new applications can improve its results and make it useful for additional pathologies.

Compresión medular dorsal por tofos gotosos: presentación de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Medullar thoracic compression by tophaceous gout: presentation of a case and review of the literature

Introducción. La afectación de la columna vertebral en la gota es una complicación extremadamente infrecuente. La dorsalgia y la cuadriplejía son algunas manifestaciones que se pueden presentar, aunque estos síntomas se ven con más frecuencia en otras patologías más prevalentes, como los tumores medulares. Caso clínico. Se presenta un caso inusual de compresión medular dorsal en D10-D11 causado por el depósito extradural de material tofáceo en una paciente de 52 años con gota tofácea crónica incontrolada. Además de un tratamiento médico intensivo, la paciente requirió cirugía (hemilaminectomía y descompresión medular) y rehabilitación posterior. La evolución general y neurológica fue satisfactoria (AU)

Introduction. Spine involvement in gout is an extremely uncommon complication. Dorsalgia and quadriplegia are some manifestations that may occur, although these symptoms are seen more frequently in other more prevalent pathologies, such as spinal tumors. Case report. We present an unusual case of thoracic spinal cord compression at T10-T11 level caused by the extradural deposit of tophaceous material in a 52-year-old woman with uncontrolled chronic tophaceous gout. In addition to intensive medical treatment, the patient required surgery (hemilaminectomy and spinal decompression) and subsequent rehabilitation. Overall and neurological evolution were satisfactory (AU)

Quistes pineales hemorrágicos: dos casos clínicos tratados con éxito mediante microcirugía / Haemorrhagic pineal cysts: two clinical cases successfully treated by means of microsurgery

Introducción. Los quistes pineales son un hallazgo incidental relativamente frecuente en las pruebas de imagen; sin embargo, la apoplejía pineal se considera rara y se asocia a síntomas graves. Casos clínicos. Varón de 25 años y mujer de 15 años, que acudieron a urgencias con clínica de hipertensión intracraneal; mediante pruebas de imagen se confirmó la existencia de una hemorragia pineal. Se les trató con éxito mediante microcirugía. Conclusión. En nuestra experiencia, y avalado por la bibliografía, creemos que el mejor tratamiento de esta infrecuente patología es el abordaje microquirúrgico. Sin embargo, no se excluye la posibilidad de que, en un futuro, las técnicas endoscópicas puedan tener un lugar importante en el tratamiento de la apoplejía pineal (AU)

Introduction. Pineal cysts are a relatively frequent incidental finding in imaging tests; yet, pineal apoplexy is considered to be rare and is associated to severe symptoms. Case reports. We report the cases of a 25-year-old male and a female aged 15 years who visited the emergency department with signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. The existence of a pineal haemorrhage was confirmed by imaging tests. They were successfully treated by means of microsurgery. Conclusion. In our experience, and backed by the literature, we believe that the best treatment for this infrequent pathology is the microsurgical approach. Nevertheless, we do not rule out the possibility that, sometime in the future, endoscopic techniques may play an important role in the treatment of pineal apoplexy (AU)

Clasificación de las lesiones estructurales en resonancia magnética. Implicaciones quirúrgicas en pacientes con epilepsia farmacorresistente. Réplica / Classification of structural lesions in magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical implications in drug-resistant epilepsy patients. Reply

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Clasificación de las lesiones estructurales en resonancia magnética. Implicaciones quirúrgicas en pacientes con epilepsia farmacorresistente / Classification of structural lesions in magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical implications in drug-resistant epilepsy patients

Introducción. En la selección quirúrgica del paciente con epilepsia farmacorresistente, el papel de la resonancia magnética (RM) no se ha cuantificado hasta el momento. Presentamos la experiencia en nuestra Unidad de Cirugía de la Epilepsia. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudiaron retrospectivamente los pacientes intervenidos por epilepsia farmacorresistente. Distinguimos dos períodos: 1990-2000 (RM de 0,5 T) y 2001-2008 (RM de 1,5 T). La RM preoperatoria se clasificó en tres grupos: RM con lesión quirúrgica (LQ), RM orientativa (LO) y RM normal (NL). También se efectuó una clasificación anatomopatológica similar. Se correlacionaron las distintas clasificaciones y los resultados quirúrgicos. Resultados. Período 1990-2000: 151 pacientes. El 70% quedó en las clases de Engel I o II. Según la RM, los resultados fueron: LQ, 87%; LO, 65%; y NL, 57%. Las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas. Período 2001-2008: 114 pacientes. El 89% quedó en las clases de Engel I o II. Según la RM: LQ, 100%; LO, 90%; y NL, 81%. Las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas. Los pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal y extratemporal con LQ tuvieron un 100% de control; con LO, el 95% con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal y el 43% con estado epiléptico; en aquellos pacientes sin lesión (NL), el 88% con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal se controló frente al 50% con estado epiléptico. Conclusiones. La RM es una herramienta eficaz en la selección de candidatos quirúrgicos en la epilepsia. La LQ asocia muy buen pronóstico. En la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal se pueden obtener muy buenos resultados (80-90% de control) a pesar de una RM normal. En el estado epiléptico, las LO pueden tener peor resultado que la NL en la RM (AU)

Introduction. The presence of a structural lesion in the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of drug-resistant epilepsy patients has been usually associated with a favourable surgical outcome. We present our experience in our Epilepsy Surgery Unit. Patients and methods. Clinical records from 265 patients, operated on from 1990-2010 in our institution, were reviewed. Patients were classified, according to MRI findings, into three groups: surgical lesion (SL), tumors or vascular malformations requiring surgery ‘per se’; orientative lesion (OL), dysplasia, atrophy or mesial temporal sclerosis; and (NL) group, with normal MRI. Seizure outcomes were analysed in relation to this classification. Results. Period 1990-2000, 151 patients: 87% of SL, 65% of OL and 57% of NL patients were in Engel class I or II at the two-year follow-up. Among temporal lobe epilepsy cases (TLE), 87% of SL, 67% of OL and 56% of NL patients achieved seizure control. Differences were statistically significative. Period 2001-2010, 114 patients: 100% of SL, 90% of OL, and 81% of NL patients were in Engel’s class I or II. Both TLE and extratemporal (ETLE) SL patients obtained a 100% seizure control. Among the OL patients, 95% with TLE and 43% of ETLE achieved seizure control. In the NL group, the percentages were 88% in TLE, and 50% in ETLE. Conclusions. In our series, SL was a predictor of a favorable outcome. In TLE patients, good results were achieved despite normal MRI. Patients with ETLE and NL did not have a worse outcome than those with OL. A classification in SL, OL and NL seems more helpful for predicting the surgical outcome than the traditional classification lesion versus non-lesion MRI. Radiological findings must be carefully evaluated in the context of a complete epilepsy surgery evaluation (AU)

Hematomas subdurales crónicos. Arquitectura interna del hematoma como predictor de recidiva / Chronic subdural haematomas. The internal architecture of the haematoma as a predictor of recurrence

Introducción. La arquitectura interna del hematoma subdural crónico (HSDC) es un factor muy importante que se debe tener en cuenta como predictor de recidiva. Objetivo. Analizar los factores posiblemente asociados a la recidiva de los HSDC, prestando especial atención a dicha arquitectura. Pacientes y métodos. Hemos revisado 147 pacientes tratados desde 2010 hasta 2013. Dividimos los HSDC en cuatro tipos de acuerdo con la clasificación de Nakaguchi de 2001. Además, hemos recogido diferentes características clínicas y las hemos sometido a análisis estadístico para evaluar su posible asociación con la tasa de recidiva de los HSDC. Resultados. La tasa de recidiva fue del 14,75% y la de mortalidad, del 4,76%. El tratamiento con anticoagulantes, el tipo de hematoma y el no usar drenaje subdural fueron factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos para la recurrencia del HSDC. Según la arquitectura interna, la tasa de recidiva fue del 36,36% para el tipo separado, del 15,90% para el laminar, del 8,82% para el homogéneo y del 0% para el trabecular. Dicha tasa fue significativamente mayor en el tipo separado respecto al homogéneo y trabecular. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con anticoagulantes y el no usar drenaje subdural son factores de riesgo de recurrencia de HSDC. Además, la división de los HSDC de acuerdo con la clasificación de Nakaguchi puede ser útil para predecir el riesgo de recurrencia, ya que la tasa de recidiva del tipo separado fue significativamente mayor que la del resto de tipos (AU)

Introduction. The internal architecture of a chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is an important factor that must be taken into account as a predictor of recurrence. Aim. To analyse the factors that are possibly associated to the recurrence of CSDH, with special emphasis on the abovementioned architecture. Patients and methods. We reviewed 147 patients treated between 2010 and 2013. The CSDH were classified into four types, in accordance with Nakaguchi’s classification published in 2001. Moreover, we gathered different clinical characteristics and they were submitted to a statistical analysis in order to evaluate the possible association between them and the rate of recurrence of CSDH. Results. The rate of recurrence was 14.75% and the mortality rate was 4.76%. Treatment with anticoagulants, the type of haematoma and not using subdural drainage were statistically significant risk factors for the recurrence of CSDH. In terms of the internal architecture, the rate of recurrence was 36.36% for the separated type, 15.90% for the laminar type, 8.82% for the homogenous and 0% for the trabecular type. This rate was significantly higher in the separated type with respect to the homogenous and trabecular types. Conclusions. We have observed that treatment with anticoagulants and not using subdural drainage are risk factors for the recurrence of CSDH. Furthermore, dividing CSDH up in accordance with Nakaguchi’s classification can be useful for predicting the risk of relapse, since the rate of recurrence of the separated type was significantly greater than that of the other types (AU)

[Chronic subdural haematomas. The internal architecture of the haematoma as a predictor of recurrence]. / Hematomas subdurales cronicos. Arquitectura interna del hematoma como predictor de recidiva.

INTRODUCTION: The internal architecture of a chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is an important factor that must be taken into account as a predictor of recurrence. AIM: To analyse the factors that are possibly associated to the recurrence of CSDH, with special emphasis on the above-mentioned architecture. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 147 patients treated between 2010 and 2013. The CSDH were classified into four types, in accordance with Nakaguchi's classification published in 2001. Moreover, we gathered different clinical characteristics and they were submitted to a statistical analysis in order to evaluate the possible association between them and the rate of recurrence of CSDH. RESULTS: The rate of recurrence was 14.75% and the mortality rate was 4.76%. Treatment with anticoagulants, the type of haematoma and not using subdural drainage were statistically significant risk factors for the recurrence of CSDH. In terms of the internal architecture, the rate of recurrence was 36.36% for the separated type, 15.90% for the laminar type, 8.82% for the homogenous and 0% for the trabecular type. This rate was significantly higher in the separated type with respect to the homogenous and trabecular types. CONCLUSIONS: We have observed that treatment with anticoagulants and not using subdural drainage are risk factors for the recurrence of CSDH. Furthermore, dividing CSDH up in accordance with Nakaguchi's classification can be useful for predicting the risk of relapse, since the rate of recurrence of the separated type was significantly greater than that of the other types.

TITLE: Hematomas subdurales cronicos. Arquitectura interna del hematoma como predictor de recidiva.Introduccion. La arquitectura interna del hematoma subdural cronico (HSDC) es un factor muy importante que se debe tener en cuenta como predictor de recidiva. Objetivo. Analizar los factores posiblemente asociados a la recidiva de los HSDC, prestando especial atencion a dicha arquitectura. Pacientes y metodos. Hemos revisado 147 pacientes tratados desde 2010 hasta 2013. Dividimos los HSDC en cuatro tipos de acuerdo con la clasificacion de Nakaguchi de 2001. Ademas, hemos recogido diferentes caracteristicas clinicas y las hemos sometido a analisis estadistico para evaluar su posible asociacion con la tasa de recidiva de los HSDC. Resultados. La tasa de recidiva fue del 14,75% y la de mortalidad, del 4,76%. El tratamiento con anticoagulantes, el tipo de hematoma y el no usar drenaje subdural fueron factores de riesgo estadisticamente significativos para la recurrencia del HSDC. Segun la arquitectura interna, la tasa de recidiva fue del 36,36% para el tipo separado, del 15,90% para el laminar, del 8,82% para el homogeneo y del 0% para el trabecular. Dicha tasa fue significativamente mayor en el tipo separado respecto al homogeneo y trabecular. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con anticoagulantes y el no usar drenaje subdural son factores de riesgo de recurrencia de HSDC. Ademas, la division de los HSDC de acuerdo con la clasificacion de Nakaguchi puede ser util para predecir el riesgo de recurrencia, ya que la tasa de recidiva del tipo separado fue significativamente mayor que la del resto de tipos.

Mapeo neurofisiológico en un glioma de alto grado intervenido mediante abordaje transulcal en la región rolándica / Neurophysiological assisted transsulcal approach to a high grade glioma without affect neither motor

Introducción. El mapeo neurofisiológico y la neuronavegación permiten un abordaje seguro al tumor a través del surcorolándico, minimizando el impacto sobre la función motora o somatosensorial. La resección guiada por fluorescencia permite definir el límite tumoral, lo que da lugar a una resección completa sin abandonar los límites tumorales ni afectar, por tanto, a las estructuras que lo rodean. Caso clínico. Varón de 39 años, operado de un tumor situado en la región rolándica derecha. Con el paciente completamente anestesiado (propofol + remifentanilo), se realizó mapeo cortical, neuronavegación y resección guiada por fluorescencia con ácido 5-aminolevulínico. El estudio neurofisiológico tras la resección mostró una afectación mínima y muy localizada en los potenciales evocados somatosensoriales, que no se vio acompañada de ninguna manifestación clínica. Conclusión. La cirugía del área rolándica puede realizarse con garantías de seguridad en un paciente anestesiado cuando se realizan estudios neurofisiológico, anatómico y biológico exhaustivos (AU)

Introduction. Intraoperative mapping and neuronavigation permitted a safe approach through the rolandic sulcus, minimizing the impact onto the motor or somatosensory functions. Fluorescence-guide resection defines a limit that allows a total resection without exceed the border of the tumor. Case report. A 39-year-old man who was operated by a tumor placed into the rolandic area. With the patient anesthetized (propofol + remyfentanil), we performed cortical mapping, neuronavigation and fluorescence-guide resection with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Post-resection neurophysiologic assessment showed a minor and highly localized effect onto the somato-sensory system. Conclusion. Rolandic area surgery can be safely performed in anesthetized patients when extensive neurophysiological, anatomical and biological assessments are performed (AU)

[Neurophysiological assisted transsulcal approach to a high grade glioma without affect neither motor nor somatosensory function]. / Mapeo neurofisiológico en un glioma de alto grado intervenido mediante abordaje transulcal en la región rolándica.

INTRODUCTION: Intraoperative mapping and neuronavigation permitted a safe approach through the rolandic sulcus, minimizing the impact onto the motor or somatosensory functions. Fluorescence-guide resection defines a limit that allows a total resection without exceed the border of the tumor. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old man who was operated by a tumor placed into the rolandic area. With the patient anesthetized (propofol+remyfentanil), we performed cortical mapping, neuronavigation and fluorescence-guide resection with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Post-resection neurophysiologic assessment showed a minor and highly localized effect onto the somato-sensory system. CONCLUSION: Rolandic area surgery can be safely performed in anesthetized patients when extensive neurophysiological, anatomical and biological assessments are performed.

Quistes neuroentéricos intracerebrales en neonatos / Intracerebral neurenteric cysts in newborn infants

Introducción. Los quistes neuroentéricos intracraneales son lesiones congénitas muy poco frecuentes. Dentro del sistema nervioso, su localización más frecuente es en el raquis. Otra de las localizaciones frecuentes es en la unión craneocervical. Se han descrito pocos casos de localización supratentorial. Plantean diagnóstico diferencial con otros quistes. No es frecuente que se diagnostiquen en la edad pediátrica. La clínica que ocasionan es por efecto de masa o episodios de meningitis química. La resonancia magnética es el mejor método diagnóstico aunque, en muchas ocasiones, no se diferencian de los quistes aracnoideos. El tratamiento es quirúrgico con resección completa de las membranas para evitar las recidivas. Casos clínicos. Presentamos dos casos de lactantes que, en las últimas semanas de gestación, mostraron lesiones quísticas intracerebrales supratentoriales con aspecto de quiste aracnoideo. La resonancia magnética neonatal confirmó la existencia de dichos quistes supratentoriales con tabiques en su interior. Tras presentar un aumento del perímetro craneal se realizó el tratamiento quirúrgico con craneotomía guiada por neuronavegador y desbridamiento de los quistes. El contenido de los quistes era mucoso con gruesas membranas. El estudio anatomopatológico resultó compatible con el quiste neuroentérico. Uno de los pacientes presentó una resolución completa tras la cirugía, con buena expansión cerebral. En el segundo, persistió un quiste aracnoideo anexo, en el que fue preciso colocar una derivación cistoperitoneal, con resolución completa. Conclusiones. La mayoría de los quistes intracraneales se corresponden con quistes aracnoideos, pero existen otras lesiones quísticas que deben tratarse quirúrgicamente para su resección completa y estudio anatomopatológico (AU)

Introduction. Intracranial neurenteric cysts are very infrequent congenital lesions. Within the nervous system, they are most commonly located in the rachis. Another frequent site is the craniocervical junction. Few cases of supratentorial location have been reported. A differential diagnosis is required to distinguish them from other cysts. They are not often diagnosed in the paediatric age. The clinical features they give rise to are due to the mass effect or episodes of chemical meningitis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best diagnostic method although on many occasions they cannot be distinguished from arachnoid cysts. Treatment consists in surgery with complete resection of the membranes in order to prevent recurrences. Case reports. We report two cases of infants who, in the last weeks of gestation, presented supratentorial intracerebral cystic lesions that resembled arachnoid cysts. A neonatal magnetic resonance scan confirmed the existence of such supratentorial cysts with septae inside them. After presenting an increase in the cranial perimeter, surgical treatment was undertaken with a neuronavigation-guided craniotomy and debridement of the cysts. The cysts contain mucus and have thick membranes. Pathological study results are consistent with a neurenteric cyst. One of the patients presented complete resolution after the intervention with good cerebral expansion. In the second case, there was persistence of an adjoining arachnoid cyst, in which placement of a cyst-peritoneal shunt was necessary with full resolution. Conclusions. Most intracranial cysts are arachnoid cysts, but there are other cystic lesions that must be treated by surgical means so that they can be completely excised and sent for pathological analyses (AU)

[Intracerebral neurenteric cysts in newborn infants]. / Quistes neuroentericos intracerebrales en neonatos.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial neurenteric cysts are very infrequent congenital lesions. Within the nervous system, they are most commonly located in the rachis. Another frequent site is the craniocervical junction. Few cases of supratentorial location have been reported. A differential diagnosis is required to distinguish them from other cysts. They are not often diagnosed in the paediatric age. The clinical features they give rise to are due to the mass effect or episodes of chemical meningitis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best diagnostic method although on many occasions they cannot be distinguished from arachnoid cysts. Treatment consists in surgery with complete resection of the membranes in order to prevent recurrences. CASE REPORTS: We report two cases of infants who, in the last weeks of gestation, presented supratentorial intracerebral cystic lesions that resembled arachnoid cysts. A neonatal magnetic resonance scan confirmed the existence of such supratentorial cysts with septae inside them. After presenting an increase in the cranial perimeter, surgical treatment was undertaken with a neuronavigation-guided craniotomy and debridement of the cysts. The cysts contain mucus and have thick membranes. Pathological study results are consistent with a neurenteric cyst. One of the patients presented complete resolution after the intervention with good cerebral expansion. In the second case, there was persistence of an adjoining arachnoid cyst, in which placement of a cyst-peritoneal shunt was necessary with full resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Most intracranial cysts are arachnoid cysts, but there are other cystic lesions that must be treated by surgical means so that they can be completely excised and sent for pathological analyses.