Simultaneous bilateral application of the Scepter mini balloon microcatheter for occlusion of ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas.

Ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas are a rare entity accounting for 10 % of all dAVFs.3-6 Haemorrhage occurs in up to 91 % of cases, which is a particularly high risk and warrants therapeutic intervention.8-9 Endovascular treatment for these fistulas using the conventional detachable microcatheter technique is associated with certain limitations and risks; 8.3 % rate of incomplete obliteration and an 8.3 % rate of complications. Complications include reflux of liquid embolic agent, posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, acute visual loss, and small subdural haematoma secondary to a micro-perforation.8,10-12 We present our recent experience with the Scepter Mini Balloon Microcatheter for the endovascular treatment of ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas in 3 patients, involving bilateral simultaneous inflation of the balloon. It demonstrates a novel application of this technology with good outcomes. It supports the use of this microcatheter in treating ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas endovascularly, either as a first-line option or as an adjunct to surgery.

Primary endovascular embolisation of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM)-UK single centre experience.

PURPOSE: Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated at our institution with modern techniques of endovascular intervention were analysed for the rate of complete occlusion, associated morbidity, and mortality. To our knowledge, this is the first series from the UK evaluating the effectiveness of endovascular embolisation as a primary treatment for selected cases. METHODS: All newly referred AVMs between January 2017 and June 2022 were reviewed and those treated with primary endovascular intervention were identified. Details of the endovascular procedures were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: In 5½ years, 41.1% of AVMs referred to our institution have been triaged for primary endovascular intervention. Sixty-eight AVMs were embolised and followed-up: 44 ruptured and 24 unruptured. Spetzler-Martin grading varied from I to III, and a single AVM was grade IV. The approach was arterial in 73.5%, solely venous in 7.4%, and combined in 19.1%. The mean follow-up was 18 months for imaging and 26 months for clinical assessment. Complete obliteration was achieved in 95.6%. Ruptured AVM cohort: The rate of functional deterioration was 13.6%. Unruptured AVM cohort: The rate of functional deterioration secondary to complications from embolisation was 4.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular embolisation may be a favourable option for primary AVM treatment in carefully selected patients. However, selection criteria need to be better delineated for more specialists to consider this as a primary therapy.

A case series of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae mimicking cervical myelitis: a diagnosis not to be missed.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnostic features of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) presenting with cervical cord or brainstem swelling. METHODS: Retrospective case note and neuroimaging review of patients with angiographically confirmed DAVF diagnosed during January 2015-June 2020 at a tertiary neuroscience centre (Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK). RESULTS: Six intracranial DAVF causing cervical cord or brainstem oedema (all males aged 60-69 years) and 27 spinal DAVF (88% thoracolumbar) were detected over a 5.5-year period. Significantly more patients with intracranial DAVF received steroids for presumed inflammatory myelitis than those with spinal DAVF (5/6 vs 1/27, p = 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). Several factors misled the treating clinicians: atypical rostral location of cord oedema (6/6); acute clinical deterioration (4/6); absence (3/6) or failure to recognise (3/6) subtle dilated perimedullary veins on MRI; intramedullary gadolinium enhancement (2/6); and elevated CSF protein (4/5). Acute deterioration followed steroid treatment in 4/5 patients. The following features may suggest DAVF rather than myelitis: older male patients (6/6), symptomatic progression over 4 or more weeks (6/6) and acellular CSF (5/5). CONCLUSION: Intracranial DAVF are uncommon but often misdiagnosed and treated as myelitis, which can cause life-threatening deterioration. Neurologists must recognise suggestive features and consider angiography, especially in older male patients. Dilated perimedullary veins are an important clue to underlying DAVF, but may be invisible or easily missed on routine MRI sequences.

Urban-suburban differences in GP requests for lumbosacral spine radiographs in a primary healthcare centre in Malta.

INTRODUCTION: Due to demographic changes, growing demands, technological developments and rising healthcare costs, analysis of resources in rural and urban primary care clinics is crucial. However, data on primary care provision in rural and suburban areas are lacking. Moreover, health inequities in small island communities tend to be reduced by social homogeneity and an almost indiscernible urban-rural difference. The aim of the study was to examine the urban-suburban differences in the indications for lumbosacral spine radiographs in a public primary healthcare centre in Malta. METHODS: A list of all patients who underwent lumbosacral spine radiography in a public primary healthcare centre between January and June 2014 was obtained. The indications for lumbosacral spine radiographs were compared against the evidence-based indications posited by the America College of Radiology, the American Society of Spine Radiology, the Society for Pediatric Radiology and the Society of Skeletal Radiology in 2014. Differences between suburban and urban areas were analysed using the χ² test. Direct logistic regression was used to estimate the influences of different patients' characteristics and imaging indications in urban and suburban areas. RESULTS: The logistic regression model predicting the likelihood of different factors occurring with suburban patients as opposed to those residing in urban areas contained four independent variables (private/public sector, examination findings, osteoporosis, infection). The full model containing all predictors was statistically significant, c2 (4, N=1112) = 26.57, p≤0.001, indicating that the model was able to distinguish between patients residing in rural and urban areas. All four of the independent variables made a unique, statistically significant contribution to the model. The model as a whole explained between 2.4% (Cox and Snell R2) and 3.6% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in suburban/urban areas, and correctly classified 78.5% of cases. All four of the independent variables made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model. General practitioner (GP) requests for patients residing in suburban areas were more likely to be submitted from the private sector whereas urban GPs tended to include more examination findings. Requests by GPs for lumbosacral spine radiographs due to osteoporosis and infection tended to be more prevalent for urban patients. CONCLUSIONS: Such findings provide information for policymakers to improve equity in health care and resource allocations within the settings of urbanity and rurality.

A Review of the Current Evidence on Gadolinium Deposition in the Brain.

Over the past 3 years, gadolinium-based contrast agents have been linked to MRI signal changes in the brain, which have been found to be secondary to gadolinium deposition in the brain, particularly in the dentate nuclei and globus pallidus even in patients having an intact blood-brain barrier and a normal renal function. This tends to occur more in linear agents than with macrocyclic agents. Nonetheless, there has been no significant evidence that this has any clinical consequence. We reviewed the current evidence related to this new phenomenon and the precautionary approach taken by regulatory agencies.

Perceptions of first-year medical students towards learning anatomy using cadaveric specimens through peer teaching.

During the last decade, global interest in the multiple benefits of formal peer teaching has increased. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of first-year medical students towards the use of peer teaching to learn anatomy using cadaveric specimens. A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective survey was carried out. Data were collected using an online questionnaire which was administered to all medical students who were in their second year of their medical school curriculum and who had participated in sessions taught by their peers during their first year. Peer teaching was perceived as an effective method of learning anatomy by more than half of the participants. Analysis of mean responses revealed that the peer teachers created a positive, non-intimidating learning environment. Overall, participants gave positive feedback on their peer teachers. Six categories emerged from the responses given by participants as to why they would or would not recommend peer teaching. Ways of improvement as suggested by the respondents were also reported. Variables found to be significantly associated with the perceived benefits of the peer teaching program included sex differences, educational level and recommendations for peer teaching. This study brings to light the merits and demerits of peer teaching as viewed through the eyes of the peer learners. Peer teaching provides a sound platform for teaching and learning anatomy. Further discussions at higher levels are encouraged in order to explore the feasibility of introducing formal peer teaching in the medical curriculum. Anat Sci Educ 11: 346-357. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Is it a route for infection in those with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea?

INTRODUCTION: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), with limited data about the prevalence of respiratory infections and microbial colonization in these patients. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine if CPAP use is associated with respiratory infections and to identify the organisms that colonize or infect these patients. METHOD: A retrospective, case-controlled study in patients diagnosed with OSA was carried out. 137 patients were recruited and interviewed using a questionnaire. A nasal swab was taken from each patient. Patients using CPAP machines had swabs taken from masks and humidifiers. RESULTS: 66 (48.2%) patients received CPAP treatment with 60.6% of them having a heated humidifier. 78.8% were male, with the majority using a full face mask (63.6%). No significant difference was seen in the prevalence of rhinosinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and hospital admissions for pneumonia between CPAP and non-CPAP treated patients. The presence of a humidifier did not influence the prevalence of infections. Commensal flora was predominantly cultured from nasal swabs from both patient groups. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and Diphtheroids were the main organisms cultured from masks and humidifiers respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the use of CPAP, choice of mask and humidifier have no significant impact on the prevalence of infections and micro-organisms isolated. This is very reassuring to the physician prescribing CPAP therapy and users.

Functional outcomes and recanalization rates of stent retrievers in acute ischaemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intra-arterial therapy for acute ischaemic stroke has evolved rapidly in the last few years. Stent retrievers have now replaced 'first-generation' devices, which have been the principle devices tested in stroke trials.Our aims were to determine the rates of successful recanalization and functional independence in acute stroke patients treated with stent retrievers. We also sought to assess the safety outcomes of stent retrievers by assessing the rates of mortality and intra-cranial haemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies which utilized stent retrievers as sole treatment or as part of a multi-modal approach in acute ischaemic stroke. RESULTS: We identified 20 eligible studies: 17 on Solitaire (ev3/Covidien, Irvine, California, USA) (n = 762) and three on Trevo (Stryker, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA) (n = 210). The mean age of participants was 66.8 (range 62.1-73.0) years and the M:F ratio was 1.1:1. The average stroke severity score (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)) at presentation was 17.2. The weighted mean symptom onset to arterial puncture and procedural duration were 265.4 minutes and 54.8 minutes, respectively.Successful recanalization was achieved in 84.5% of patients with a weighted mean of 2.0 stent retriever passes. Independent functional outcome was achieved in 51.2% and the mortality rate was 16.8%. CONCLUSION: Stent retrievers have the potential to achieve a high rate of recanalization and functional independence whilst being relatively safe. They should be assessed in well-designed randomized controlled trials to determine their efficacy and assess whether they compare favourably with 'standard treatment' in stroke.

A local perspective to asthma management in the accident and emergency department in Malta.

AIM: This study was performed to assess the management of adult patients presenting to the Mater Dei Hospital Accident and Emergency (A&E) department with acute asthma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Asthmatic patients age 14 or older who presented to A&E department between January and October 2010 with asthma exacerbations were included. Data were collected from the clinical notes and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 244 patients (67.2% females) were included, 126 (51.6%) were admitted, 97 (39.8%) discharged and 21 (8.6%) discharged themselves against medical advice. There was a decline in the presentations between January and July, followed by an upward trend until October (P = 0.42). Pulse oximetry was performed in 207 patients (84.8%), arterial blood gases in 133 (54.5%), peak expiratory flow rate in 106 (43.4%) and chest radiography in 206 (84.4%) patients. The respiratory rate was documented in 151 (61.8%), heart rate in 204 (83.6%) and ability to complete sentences in 123 (50.4%) patients. One hundred and ninety six patients (80.3%) were given nebulized bronchodilators, 103 (42.2%) intravenous corticosteroids, 7 (2.87%) oral corticosteroids, 109 (44.7%) oxygen, 28 (11.5%) antibiotics and 9 (3.69%) magnesium. Systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics were more commonly prescribed to patients admitted (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Management of acute asthma in Malta requires optimization in order to compare with international guidelines.

Freedom of movement across the EU: legal and ethical issues for children with chronic disease.

While freedom of movement has been one of the most highly respected human right across the EU, there are various aspects which come into play which still need to be resolved for this to be achieved in practice. One of these key issues is cross border health care. Indeed, there is an increasing awareness of standardisation of health service provision and cross border collaboration in the EU. However, certain groups particularly children may be at risk of suboptimal treatment as a result. We present the case of a child patient which highlights the complexity of this matter spanning family law, health law, social security law as well as ethical issues. EU legislation needs to ensure that children patients have access to high quality care across the EU borders.