ABSTRACT
Information was collected on the slaughter procedures used in 12 processing plants in Australia. The processing line speed varied from 25 to 125 birds/minute; the voltage in the electrified waterbath varied from 55 to 165 V; the duration of stunning was 2.0 to 7.5 seconds and the time allowed for exsanguination was 45 to 180 seconds. As a result of the variables, some birds were dead on leaving the stunner and prior to exsanguination, while it was probable that others were not dead before entering the scald tank.
Subject(s)
Abattoirs , Poultry , Animals , Australia , ChickensABSTRACT
Day-old chickens were vaccinated with the SA2 strain of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine using a coarse spray and 14-day-old chickens were vaccinated using a coarse or a fine (Turbair Vaccinair 240) spray. The Conjunctiva was the most common site of infection in all cases but this almost invariably led to involvement of the nasolacrimal ducts. Other sites in the nasal cavity were affected less frequently. The clinical consequences of infection in day-old chickens were too severe for field use but the mortality (0 to 1.4% in different experiments) in 14-day-old chickens may be acceptable in some circumstances although about 9% developed infection of the trachea. It is concluded that a less pathogenic vaccine is needed if spray vaccination with ILT is to be recommended as a routine procedure particularly for day-old chickens.
Subject(s)
Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Herpesviridae/immunology , Herpesvirus 1, Gallid/immunology , Poultry Diseases/prevention & control , Vaccination/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Animals , Chickens , Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control , Male , Vaccination/methodsABSTRACT
The results of pen trials indicate that sheep affected by annual ryegrass toxicity can be treated successfully with chlordiazepoxide. In the first experiment, 87% of chlordiazepoxide-treated animals survived a lethal dose of toxic ryegrass. In the second experiment, 90% of chlordiazepoxide treated animals survived compared with a 10% recovery of control animals.
Subject(s)
Chlordiazepoxide/therapeutic use , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Poaceae , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Animals , Male , Plant Poisoning/drug therapy , SheepABSTRACT
The results of pen trials indicate that sheep affected by annual ryegrass toxicity can be treated successfully with chlordiazepoxide. In the first experiment, 87% of chlordiazepoxide-treated animals survived a lethal dose of toxic ryegrass. In the second experiment, 90% of chlordiazepoxide treated animals survived compared with a 10% recovery of control animals.
Subject(s)
Plant Diseases , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/etiology , Animals , Bacteria , Guinea Pigs , Male , Plant Poisoning/etiology , SheepABSTRACT
The histopathology of the infectious bronchitis caused by the Cumming "T" strain of virus is described in fowls exposed to infection by an aerosol method. Desquamation of the ciliated and glandular epithelium throughout the trachea was seen 24 hours after exposure to virus. This was followed by rapid proliferation presumably of residual basal cells with the production of a stratified undifferentiated epithelial covering. Small areas of the tracheal submucosa showed lymphocytic infiltration by the 4th day. Cilia were first observed in the regenerating epithelium on the 7th day when mucous cells were also seen to be numerous. Alveolar mucous glands developed over the following 4 days and by the 12th day regeneration appeared complete. Pulmonary lesions were generally not severe and the air sacs were only slightly oedematous for 4 days following exposure. Necrosis of a few tubules scattered throughout the kidneys was seen on the 4th day. By the 6th day cystic tubules containing epithelial debris and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were prominent in both cortex and medulla and necrotic tubules were scattered throughout the kidneys. PAS positive granules were present in the renal tubular epithelium and were most pronounced in the distal convoluted tubules. Infiltration of the interstitium by lymphocytes and plasma cells was generally marked on the 7th day. The cytoplasm of these plasma cells was strongly PAS positive and such cells were most numerous on the 12th and 13th days after exposure and then their numbers rapidly declined. Regeneration of tubular epithelium was advanced by the 10th day and much of the cell debris had been cleared from the lumina of the tubules. What appeared to be compressed areas were seen in the cortex from the 13th day where glomeruli and tubules were numerous through considerably reduced in size. These were not seen after the 35th day, however an occasional lymph nodule persisted in the intersitium.
