Human lysozyme inhibits the fibrillation of serum amyloid a protein from systemic AA amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Systemic AA amyloidosis is a world-wide occurring protein misfolding disease in humans and animals that arises from the formation of amyloid fibrils from serum amyloid A (SAA) protein and their deposition in multiple organs. OBJECTIVE: To identify new agents that prevent fibril formation from SAA protein and to determine their mode of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a cell model for the formation of amyloid deposits from SAA protein to screen a library of peptides and small proteins, which were purified from human hemofiltrate. To clarify the inhibitory mechanism the obtained inhibitors were characterised in cell-free fibril formation assays and other biochemical methods. RESULTS: We identified lysozyme as an inhibitor of SAA fibril formation. Lysozyme antagonised fibril formation both in the cell model as well as in cell-free fibril formation assays. The protein binds SAA with a dissociation constant of 16.5 ± 0.6 µM, while the binding site on SAA is formed by segments of positively charged amino acids. CONCLUSION: Our data imply that lysozyme acts in a chaperone-like fashion and prevents the aggregation of SAA protein through direct, physical interactions.

Cryo-EM demonstrates the in vitro proliferation of an ex vivo amyloid fibril morphology by seeding.

Several studies showed that seeding of solutions of monomeric fibril proteins with ex vivo amyloid fibrils accelerated the kinetics of fibril formation in vitro but did not necessarily replicate the seed structure. In this research we use cryo-electron microscopy and other methods to analyze the ability of serum amyloid A (SAA)1.1-derived amyloid fibrils, purified from systemic AA amyloidosis tissue, to seed solutions of recombinant SAA1.1 protein. We show that 98% of the seeded fibrils remodel the full fibril structure of the main ex vivo fibril morphology, which we used for seeding, while they are notably different from unseeded in vitro fibrils. The seeded fibrils show a similar proteinase K resistance as ex vivo fibrils and are substantially more stable to proteolytic digestion than unseeded in vitro fibrils. Our data support the view that the fibril morphology contributes to determining proteolytic stability and that pathogenic amyloid fibrils arise from proteolytic selection.

AA amyloid fibrils from diseased tissue are structurally different from in vitro formed SAA fibrils.

Systemic AA amyloidosis is a world-wide occurring protein misfolding disease of humans and animals. It arises from the formation of amyloid fibrils from serum amyloid A (SAA) protein. Using cryo electron microscopy we here show that amyloid fibrils which were purified from AA amyloidotic mice are structurally different from fibrils formed from recombinant SAA protein in vitro. Ex vivo amyloid fibrils consist of fibril proteins that contain more residues within their ordered parts and possess a higher ß-sheet content than in vitro fibril proteins. They are also more resistant to proteolysis than their in vitro formed counterparts. These data suggest that pathogenic amyloid fibrils may originate from proteolytic selection, allowing specific fibril morphologies to proliferate and to cause damage to the surrounding tissue.

Author Correction: WDR1 is a novel EYA3 substrate and its dephosphorylation induces modifications of the cellular actin cytoskeleton.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Cell assay for the identification of amyloid inhibitors in systemic AA amyloidosis.

Systemic AA amyloidosis is still, up to this day, a life-threatening complication of chronic inflammatory diseases. Despite the success of anti-inflammatory treatment, the prognosis of some AA patients is still poor, which is why therapies directed at the amyloidogenic pathway in AA amyloidosis are being sought after. The cell culture model of amyloid formation from serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) protein remodels crucial features of AA amyloid deposit formation in vivo. We here demonstrate how the cell model can be utilized for the identification of compounds with amyloid inhibitory activity. Out of five compounds previously reported to inhibit self-assembly of various amyloidogenic proteins, we found that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibited the formation of SAA1-derived fibrils in cell culture. From a series of compounds targeting the protein quality control machinery, the autophagy inhibitor wortmannin reduced amyloid formation, while the other tested compounds did not lead to a substantial reduction of the amyloid load. These data suggest that amyloid formation can be targeted not only via the protein self-assembly pathway directly, but also by treatment with compounds that impact the cellular protein machinery.

WDR1 is a novel EYA3 substrate and its dephosphorylation induces modifications of the cellular actin cytoskeleton.

Eyes absent (EYA) proteins are unusual proteins combining in a single polypeptide chain transactivation, threonine phosphatase, and tyrosine phosphatase activities. They play pivotal roles in organogenesis and are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes including innate immunity, DNA damage repair or cancer metastasis. The molecular targets of EYA tyrosine phosphatase activity are still elusive. Therefore, we sought to identify novel EYA substrates and also to obtain further insight into the tyrosine-dephosphorylating role of EYA proteins in various cellular processes. We show here that Src kinase phosphorylates tyrosine residues in two human EYA family members, EYA1 and EYA3. Both can autodephosphorylate these residues and their nuclear and cytoskeletal localization seems to be controlled by Src phosphorylation. Next, using a microarray of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides, we identified a phosphopeptide derived from WD-repeat-containing protein 1 (WDR1) that is dephosphorylated by EYA3. We further demonstrated that several tyrosine residues on WDR1 are phosphorylated by Src kinase, and are efficiently dephosphorylated by EYA3, but not by EYA1. The lack of phosphorylation generates major changes to the cellular actin cytoskeleton. We, therefore, conclude that WDR1 is an EYA3-specific substrate, which implies that EYA3 is a key modulator of the cytoskeletal reorganization.

Cellular mechanism of fibril formation from serum amyloid A1 protein.

Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) is an apolipoprotein that binds to the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of the serum and constitutes the fibril precursor protein in systemic AA amyloidosis. We here show that HDL binding blocks fibril formation from soluble SAA1 protein, whereas internalization into mononuclear phagocytes leads to the formation of amyloid. SAA1 aggregation in the cell model disturbs the integrity of vesicular membranes and leads to lysosomal leakage and apoptotic death. The formed amyloid becomes deposited outside the cell where it can seed the fibrillation of extracellular SAA1. Our data imply that cells are transiently required in the amyloidogenic cascade and promote the initial nucleation of the deposits. This mechanism reconciles previous evidence for the extracellular location of deposits and amyloid precursor protein with observations the cells are crucial for the formation of amyloid.

Cell-to-cell transfer of SAA1 protein in a cell culture model of systemic AA amyloidosis.

Systemic AA amyloidosis arises from the misfolding of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) protein and the deposition of AA amyloid fibrils at multiple sites within the body. Previous research already established that mononuclear phagocytes are crucial for the formation of the deposits in vivo and exposure of cultures of such cells to SAA1 protein induces the formation of amyloid deposits within the culture dish. In this study we show that both non-fibrillar and fibrillar SAA1 protein can be readily transferred between cultured J774A.1 cells, a widely used model of mononuclear phagocytes. We find that the exchange is generally faster with non-fibrillar SAA1 protein than with fibrils. Exchange is blocked if cells are separated by a membrane, while increasing the volume of cell culture medium had only small effects on the observed exchange efficiency. Taken together with scanning electron microscopy showing the presence of the respective types of physical interactions between the cultured cells, we conclude that the transfer of SAA1 protein depends on direct cell-to-cell contacts or tunneling nanotubes.