[Age dynamics of cell reaction in the preoptic hypothalamic nucleus during melatonin administration with a special reference to blockade and activation of the kisspeptinergic system].

Kisspeptin activates neurocytes and astrocytes of the preoptic hypothalamic nucleus of 1-, 3- and 24-month-old male rats. Kisspeptin antagonist (P-234) depresses the neurocytes, but not the astrocytes of the preoptic nucleus. Melatonin at a dose of 100 mkg/100 g b.w. inhibits the neurons of old male rats. During combined administration of melatonin and kisspeptin, as well as melatonin and P-234, the state of the kisspeptinergic system is crusial for the activity of the neurons in the preoptic nucleus of 1- and 3-month-old animals. However, in old rats melatonin significantly changes the neuron response of the preoptic nucleus to kisspeptin and its antagonist administration, while it's observed the neuron stimulation. Generally, the state of the kisspeptinergic system has a determining influence on the preoptic hypothalamic nucleus of the immature and young mature male rats. In old rats the cell functional state of the preoptic nucleus depends on the interaction of the kisspeptinergic system and melatonin level.

[The effect of Cardil (diltiazem) in chronic hypoxia on the cationic balance in the cardiovascular system and on blood viscosity in rats]. / Vliianie kardila (diltiazem) pri khronicheskoi gipoksii na balans kationov v serdechno-sosudistoi sisteme i na viazkost' krovi krys.

Experiments on albino rats showed that injection of cardil (diltiazem) (10.5 mg/kg) daily for 7 days in chronic pressure-chamber hypoxia promoted the correction of hypoxia-induced changes in blood viscosity and cation balance in the erythrocytes, blood plasma, tissues of the abdominal aorta and heart (except for the myocardial Ca2+ content) in decrease of the passive and active Na+ and K+ transport through the erythrocyte membrane, increase of free energy (dFi > 0) of the erythrocyte--plasma--vascular wall system which was reduced in rats kept for 14 days under conditions of hypoxia in a pressure chamber. Chronic hypoxia reduced the anticalcium effect of of cardil (diltiazem) in the myocardial cells and its influence on the increase of the transparietal potential difference in the abdominal aorta.

A sophisticated lander for scientific exploration of Mars: scientific objectives and implementation of the Mars-96 Small Station.

A mission to Mars including two Small Stations, two Penetrators and an Orbiter was launched at Baikonur, Kazakhstan, on 16 November 1996. This was called the Mars-96 mission. The Small Stations were expected to land in September 1997 (Ls approximately 178 degrees), nominally to Amazonis-Arcadia region on locations (33 N, 169.4 W) and (37.6 N, 161.9 W). The fourth stage of the Mars-96 launcher malfunctioned and hence the mission was lost. However, the state of the art concept of the Small Station can be applied to future Martian lander missions. Also, from the manufacturing and performance point of view, the Mars-96 Small Station could be built as such at low cost, and be fairly easily accommodated on almost any forthcoming Martian mission. This is primarily due to the very simple interface between the Small Station and the spacecraft. The Small Station is a sophisticated piece of equipment. With the total available power of approximately 400 mW the Station successfully supports an ambitious scientific program. The Station accommodates a panoramic camera, an alpha-proton-x-ray spectrometer, a seismometer, a magnetometer, an oxidant instrument, equipment for meteorological observations, and sensors for atmospheric measurement during the descent phase, including images taken by a descent phase camera. The total mass of the Small Station with payload on the Martian surface, including the airbags, is only 32 kg. Lander observations on the surface of Mars combined with data from Orbiter instruments will shed light on the contemporary Mars and its evolution. As in the Mars-96 mission, specific science goals could be exploration of the interior and surface of Mars, investigation of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere, the role of water and other materials containing volatiles and in situ studies of the atmospheric boundary layer processes. To achieve the scientific goals of the mission the lander should carry a versatile set of instruments. The Small Station accommodates devices for atmospheric measurements, geophysical and geochemical studies of the Martian surface and interior, and cameras for descent phase and panoramic views. These instruments would be able to contribute remarkably to the process of solving some of the scientific puzzles of Mars.

[The effect of heparin in vasorenal hypertension on blood electrolyte balance, on the abdominal aortic walls and on the erythrocyte rheological properties in rats]. / Vliianie geparina pri vazorenal'noi gipertenzii na balans élektrolitov krovi i stenki briushnoi aorty i reologicheskie svoistva éritrotstov krys.

The paper provides the results of experimental studies of the effects of heparin given to albino rats with vasorenal hypertension in a dose of 150 U/kg on electrolyte levels in plasma, erythrocytes, cardiac and abdominal aortic tissues, the viscosity coefficient and charge of erythrocytic suspension, transmural difference of abdominal aortic potentials. Heparin has been shown to correct hypertension-induced changes in the transmural difference of abdominal aortic potentials, the charge and viscosity coefficient of erythrocytic suspension, the gradient of sodium, potassium, and calcium in the system of erythrocyte-plasma-abdominal aortic wall.

[Effect of hypoxia and heparin on blood and abdominal aorta of rats]. / Vliianie gipoksii i geparina na krov' i briushnuiu aortu krys.

Experiments were conducted on albino rats to study the effect of hypoxia and heparin on the electrolyte composition of plasma, red cells, abdominal aorta, the activity of ATPase and the charge of red-cell membranes, the viscosity of the red cells. Hypoxia disturbed hemostasis and changed the electrolyte balance in the red cell-plasma-abdominal aorta system. Heparin corrected significantly the changes of these values induced by hypoxia.

[Effect of vasorenal hypertension and neodicoumarin on the rheological properties of erythrocytes and the balance of blood electrolytes, heart and abdominal aorta wall in rats]. / Vliianie vazorenal'noi gipertenzii i neodikumarina na reologicheskie svoistva eritrotsitov, balans elektrolitov krovi, serdtsa i stenki briushnoi aorty krys.

It has been shown that with vasorenal hypertension, erythrocyte suspension viscosity coefficient increases, the abdominal aorta transmural potential difference decreases with lower levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in plasma, cardiac and abdominal aorta tissue and higher red blood cell Na+ levels. Neodicumarinum, 3 mg/kg, modified Na+ and K+ imbalance in the red blood cell-plasma-abdominal aorta wall system, which had been caused by vasorenal hypertension. At the same time the changes in Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels in the abdominal aorta and heart tissue, as well as the value of red blood cell suspension viscosity coefficient were demonstrated to be effectively abolished with neodicumarinum in a dose of 30 mg/kg.

[The effect of streptase in hypoxia on the blood and abdominal aorta in rats]. / Vliianie streptazy pri gipoksii na krov' i briushnuiu aortu krys.

In the experiment of albino rats it was shown that hypobaric hypoxia caused a disorders of hemostasis with destabilization of membranes and imbalance of electrolytes in the erythrocyte-plasma-vessel wall system. Streptase administration in a dose of 2500 U/kg in this case events in some degree the changes in the process of the blood coagulation, viscosity-elasticity properties of erythrocytes, calcium levels in plasma and erythrocytes, sodium and magnium levels in the abdominal aorta wall produced by the "altitude rise" in an altitude chamber.

[The effect of heparin in vasorenal hypertension on the rheological properties of the erythrocytes and on the electrolyte balance of the blood and of the wall of the abdominal aorta]. / Vliianie geparina pri vazorenal'noi gipertenzii na reologicheskie svoistva éritrotsitov, balans élektrolitov krovi i stenki briushnoi aorty.

In hypertension there was shown an increase of the erythrocyte suspension viscosity coefficient, a decrease of the transmural difference of the abdominal aorta potentials and the erythrocyte charge at a lowering of the level of the studied electrolytes in plasma, the abdominal aorta wall and an increase of sodium content in erythrocytes. Heparin corrected the changes in the coefficient of viscosity and charge of erythrocytes, the transmural difference of potentials, potassium and magnesium levels in erythrocytes, sodium level in the abdominal aorta wall induced by hypertension. On the whole there was observed no levelling by heparin of electrolyte imbalance in the erythrocyte-plasma-abdominal aorta wall system.

[The effect of ionizing radiation on the blood plasma and erythrocytes and on the wall of the abdominal aorta of rats]. / Vliianie ioniziruiushchei radiatsii na plazmu i éritrotsity krovi i stenku briushnoi aorty krys.

On days 7 and 15 after gamma-irradiation (4 Gy) changes were noted in the temperature dependence of the erythrocyte suspension viscosity coefficient, in the electrolyte composition of the abdominal aorta, plasma, and erythrocytes, in Na, K- and Mg-ATPase activity, and in the intensity of fluorescence of 1.8 ANS of erythrocyte ghost of albino rats. The changes were a function of the stage of radiation sickness and were more pronounced on the 15th day following irradiation.

[Effect of heparin and hypobaric hypoxia on the blood electrolyte composition, ATPase activity and the membrane charge of erythrocytes]. / Vliianie geparina i gipobaricheskoi gipoksii na élektrolitnyi sostav krovi, ATF-aznuiu aktivnost' i zariad membran éritrotsitov.

The effects of hypoxia (an "altitude" of 6000 m) and heparin on contents of ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the plasma and erythrocytes, on ATPase activity and erythrocyte membrane charge in albino rats were studied. Heparin was shown to decrease levels of ions of sodium, potassium, in the plasma and erythrocytes, to increase the negative charge of erythrocytes and membrane permeability for potassium ions. Changes in concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions after keeping the rats in a barochamber are more marked on the 2nd day than on the 4th day. Na+, K+-ATPase activity of erythrocyte ghosts first decreased, but on the 4th day increased. Heparin action tended to compensate for changes in contents of the studied ions, ATPase activity and erythrocyte membrane changes as well as changes in gradients of potassium, calcium and magnesium ions concentrations in the erythrocyte-plasma system caused by hypobaric hypoxia.

[Effect of agents altering blood coagulation on the transmural potential, electrolyte composition and tonus of the vascular wall]. / Vliianie sredtsv, izmeniaiushchikh gemokoaguliatsiiu, na chresstenochnyi potentsial, élektrolitnyi sostav i tonus sosudistoi stenki.

It was shown that at perfusion of the feline femoral artery heparin, protamine sulfate, streptase and vicasol change the transmural potential, volume of the outflowing perfusate to a larger extent in Ringer-Lock's solutions than in sulfate Ringer's solution. As a rule, the drugs increased in the femoral artery contents of sodium, calcium and magnesium ions and decreased potassium content.