Diagnostic yield of transbronchial cryobiopsy in interstitial lung disease: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is required for evaluation in selected patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The diagnostic yield of histopathologic assessment is variable and is influenced by factors such as the size of samples and the presence of crush artefacts left by conventional biopsy forceps. We compared the diagnostic yield and safety of TBLB with cryoprobe sampling versus conventional forceps sampling. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial analysed data for 77 patients undergoing TBLB for evaluation of ILD; patients were assigned to either a conventional-forceps group or a cryoprobe group. Two pathologists assessed the tissue samples and agreed on histopathologic diagnoses. We also compared the duration of procedures, complications and sample-quality variables. RESULTS: The most frequent diagnosis observed in the cryoprobe group was non-specific interstitial pneumonia. Histopathologic diagnoses were identified in more cases in the cryoprobe group (74.4%) than in the conventional-forceps group (34.1%) (P < 0.001), and the diagnostic yield was higher in the cryoprobe group (51.3% vs 29.1% in the conventional forceps group; P = 0.038). A larger mean area of tissue was harvested by cryoprobe (14.7 ± 11 mm(2) ) than by conventional forceps (3.3 ± 4.1 mm(2)) (P < 0.001). More grade 2 bleeding (not statistically significant) occurred in the cryoprobe group (56.4%) than in the conventional-forceps group (34.2%). No differences in other complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: TBLB by cryoprobe is safe and potentially useful in the diagnosis of ILD. Larger multisite randomized trials are required to confirm the potential benefits of this procedure. Clinical trial registration at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01064609.

Recidiva endobronquial de linfoma difuso de células grandes B. Diagnóstico con criosonda / Recurrent Endobronchial Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma. Diagnosed by Cryoprobe

La localización endobronquial del linfoma difuso de células grandes tipo B (LDCGB) es infrecuente. El diagnóstico histológico se realiza mediante la obtención de muestras de tejido pulmonar. En estos casos, la necesidad de realizar estudios inmunohistoquímicos para establecer el diagnóstico requiere la obtención de muestras de un tamaño y calidad adecuados, lo que, en ocasiones, implica la repetición de la exploración endoscópica y la realización de biopsias adicionales. Presentamos el primer caso de un paciente diagnosticado de recidiva de LDCGB endobronquial mediante biopsia bronquial realizada con criosonda (AU)

The bronchial involvement of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an exceptional finding. Histological diagnosis is done with lung tissue samples. In these cases, the need for immunohistochemistry studies in order to establish the diagnosis requires obtaining tissue samples of adequate size and quality. Sometimes, endoscopic explorations may be repeated to obtain further biopsies. We present the first documented case of recurrent endobronchial DLBCL that was diagnosed from a bronchial biopsy taken with a cryoprobe (AU)

Recurrent endobronchial diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Diagnosed by cryoprobe.

The bronchial involvement of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an exceptional finding. Histological diagnosis is done with lung tissue samples. In these cases, the need for immunohistochemistry studies in order to establish the diagnosis requires obtaining tissue samples of adequate size and quality. Sometimes, endoscopic explorations may be repeated to obtain further biopsies. We present the first documented case of recurrent endobronchial DLBCL that was diagnosed from a bronchial biopsy taken with a cryoprobe.

Utilización de criosondas para la realización de la biopsia pulmonar transbronquial / Transbronchial lung biopsy using cryoprobes

IntroducciónLa biopsia pulmonar transbronquial (BPTB) es una técnica broncoscópica indicada en el estudio de las enfermedades pulmonares difusas, cuyo rendimiento diagnóstico es variable debido, en parte, al pequeño tamaño de las muestras obtenidas. La utilización de criosondas en la práctica de la BPTB podría permitir obtener muestras tisulares de mayor tamaño y mejor calidad. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos describir la metodología de la técnica y su implantación en nuestro centro, así como analizar los resultados de seguridad e histológicos en los primeros pacientes.Pacientes y métodosSe incluyó a 10 pacientes tributarios de BPTB para estudio de neumopatía difusa. De un modo equiparable al método convencional, la criosonda (Erbokryo CA®, Erbe, Alemania) se introduce a través del videobroncoscopio y se dirige hacia regiones pulmonares periféricas, donde la aplicación de frío permite obtener una muestra de tejido pulmonar congelado que queda adherido al extremo de la criosonda. Se registraron la duración del procedimiento y las complicaciones durante éste, y se evaluó la calidad de las muestras obtenidas.ResultadosLa duración media (±desviación estándar) del procedimiento fue de 35±11min. Las muestras presentaban un área media de 9,5mm2 (rango: 3–25mm2), con un número medio de espacios alveolares conservados de 29,6. Ningún paciente presentó neumotórax. En 6 de los 10 pacientes se registró hemorragia tras la biopsia, que en ningún caso obligó a interrumpir el procedimiento.ConclusionesLa utilización de criosondas es viable para la realización de la BPTB y en el futuro podría mejorar el rendimiento de la técnica convencional(AU)

Background and objectivesTransbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is a bronchoscopy procedure used to obtain peripheral lung tissue. Small size samples and artefacts lead to variable, and usually poor, diagnostic yield. The use of cryoprobes may enable larger size and better quality biopsy samples to be obtained. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of TBLB with cryoprobes and analyse the histological quality of samples obtained.Patients and methodsWe selected 10 patients with interstitial lung disease who were suitable for TBLB. A cryoprobe (Erbokryo CA®, Erbe, Germany) was introduced through the bronchoscope work channel. Then, under fluoroscopic control, the cryoprobe was placed in an area of the peripheral lung previously selected according to CT findings. A temperature of −89.5°C was applied for 3s and the cryoprobe and bronchoscope were removed with the frozen lung sample attached to the probe. The procedure was performed under sedation and the patient was intubated to allow bronchoscope and cryoprobe removal. Safety, duration of the procedure and histological findings has been evaluated.ResultsThere were 10 patients (64±8 years, 6 males). Procedure length was 35min. The specimen area was 9.5mm2 (range 3 to 25mm2) and the mean number of alveolar spaces was 29.62. No pneumothorax was registered. 6/10 patients had mild post-biopsy bleeding controlled with standard bronchoscopy measures.ConclusionsThe use of cryoprobes for TBLB may become an alternative technique to increase diagnostic yield(AU)

[Transbronchial lung biopsy using cryoprobes]. / Utilización de criosondas para la realización de la biopsia pulmonar transbronquial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is a bronchoscopy procedure used to obtain peripheral lung tissue. Small size samples and artefacts lead to variable, and usually poor, diagnostic yield. The use of cryoprobes may enable larger size and better quality biopsy samples to be obtained. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of TBLB with cryoprobes and analyse the histological quality of samples obtained. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We selected 10 patients with interstitial lung disease who were suitable for TBLB. A cryoprobe (Erbokryo CA, Erbe, Germany) was introduced through the bronchoscope work channel. Then, under fluoroscopic control, the cryoprobe was placed in an area of the peripheral lung previously selected according to CT findings. A temperature of -89.5 degrees C was applied for 3s and the cryoprobe and bronchoscope were removed with the frozen lung sample attached to the probe. The procedure was performed under sedation and the patient was intubated to allow bronchoscope and cryoprobe removal. Safety, duration of the procedure and histological findings has been evaluated. RESULTS: There were 10 patients (64+/-8 years, 6 males). Procedure length was 35 min. The specimen area was 9.5 mm2 (range 3 to 25 mm2) and the mean number of alveolar spaces was 29.62. No pneumothorax was registered. 6/10 patients had mild post-biopsy bleeding controlled with standard bronchoscopy measures. CONCLUSIONS: The use of cryoprobes for TBLB may become an alternative technique to increase diagnostic yield.

[Proposed terms for endobronchial lesions in patients suspected of having a bronchial neoplasm]. / Propuesta de terminología de las lesiones endobronquiales en pacientes con sospecha de neoplasia bronquial.

Endoscopists describe lung cancer lesions using varying terminology. This study aimed to assess the probability of neoplastic disease in terms of endoscopic findings expressed in an original classification system. The endoscopic lesions were classified as infiltrations (superficial lesions without a clear border with normal mucosa) or masses (exophytic lesions easily distinguished from the bronchial wall). Each lesion was categorized according to 3 grades reflecting probability of malignancy. A grade I infiltration was a lesion presenting 1 of the following characteristics: loss of luster, increased thickness, or redness, with a smooth surface. A grade II infiltration presented 2 of the aforementioned characteristics, with a rough surface. A grade III infiltration presented 3 of those characteristics. A grade I mass was an exophytic lesion with a smooth surface, uniformly colored. A grade II mass presented a smooth surface of a distinct color, and a grade III mass had a rough surface and irregular coloring. We assessed 377 patients with suspicion of neoplasm. Twenty-three percent of the infiltrations were grade I carcinomas, 74% were grade II, and 95% were grade III. Twenty-three percent of masses were grade I, 77% were grade II, and 97% were grade III. The probability of malignancy increased significantly with grade (P< .001) for both types of lesion. In summary, there is a positive correlation between the terms used and the probability of carcinoma. Most grade III lesions were carcinomas, but apparently innocuous grade I lesions could be carcinomas in a significant number of cases.

Propuesta de terminología de las lesiones endobronquiales en pacientes con sospecha de neoplasia bronquial / Proposed terms for endobronchial lesions in patients suspected of having a bronchial neoplasm

La descripción de lesiones endoscópicas en el cáncer de pulmón varía según el endoscopista. Este trabajo pretende evaluar la probabilidad de neoplasia en relación con los hallazgos endoscópicos según una clasificación original. Las lesiones endoscópicas se clasifican en: infiltración (lesión en superficie sin límite preciso con la mucosa normal) y masa (lesión exofítica, fácil de diferenciar de la pared). Cada lesión tiene 3 grados con relación a la probabilidad de malignidad. En la infiltración grado I, la lesión presenta una de las siguientes características: pérdida de brillo, aumento de grosor o enrojecimiento, de superficie regular; en la infiltración grado II coinciden 2 de los cambios anteriores, con superficie irregular; en la infiltración grado III están presentes 3 de las características anteriores; la masa grado I es una lesión exofítica de superficie lisa y coloración uniforme; la masa grado II presenta una superficie regular de coloración distinta, y en la masa III la superficie y coloración son irregulares. Se evaluó a 377 pacientes con sospecha de neoplasia. Fueron carcinomas un 23% de las infiltraciones grado I, un 74% de las infiltraciones grado II y un 95% de las infiltraciones grado III. Por lo que respecta a las masas, fueron neoplasias el 23% de las de grado I, el 77% de las de grado II y el 97% de las de grado III. En ambos tipos de lesiones la probabilidad de malignidad aumenta de acuerdo con el grado (p < 0,001). En conclusión, existe una correlación positiva entre la terminología descrita y la probabilidad de carcinoma. En la mayoría de los casos las lesiones grado III son carcinomas, pero a su vez las lesiones grado I, aparentemente inofensivas, pueden ser carcinomas en un número significativo de los casos

Endoscopists describe lung cancer lesions using varying terminology. This study aimed to assess the probability of neoplastic disease in terms of endoscopic findings expressed in an original classification system. The endoscopic lesions were classified as infiltrations (superficial lesions without a clear border with normal mucosa) or masses (exophytic lesions easily distinguished from the bronchial wall). Each lesion was categorized according to 3 grades reflecting probability of malignancy. A grade I infiltration was a lesion presenting 1 of the following characteristics: loss of luster, increased thickness, or redness, with a smooth surface. A grade II infiltration presented 2 of the aforementioned characteristics, with a rough surface. A grade III infiltration presented 3 of those characteristics. A grade I mass was an exophytic lesion with a smooth surface, uniformly colored. A grade II mass presented a smooth surface of a distinct color, and a grade III mass had a rough surface and irregular coloring. We assessed 377 patients with suspicion of neoplasm. Twenty-three percent of the infiltrations were grade I carcinomas, 74% were grade II, and 95% were grade III. Twenty-three percent of masses were grade I, 77% were grade II, and 97% were grade III. The probability of malignancy increased significantly with grade (P<.001) for both types of lesion. In summary, there is a positive correlation between the terms used and the probability of carcinoma. Most grade III lesions were carcinomas, but apparently innocuous grade I lesions could be carcinomas in a significant number of cases

A new BAL fluid instillation and aspiration technique: a multicenter randomized study.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a widely used clinical and research tool even though certain steps in the procedure have not been standarized. One step that is subject to variation is the technique used to instill and recover BAL fluid. Our aim was to assess whether attaching a plastic tube between the syringe and the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope allowed recovery of more fluid in comparison with recovery using only a syringe, and whether tubing had a favorable impact on diagnostic yield and complications. A randomized multicenter study was performed in eleven public hospitals in Catalonia (Spain). Patients scheduled for BAL were randomly assigned to tubing (n=140) or no-tubing groups (n=155). Flexible bronchoscopy and a 150 mL BAL in three 50 mL aliquots with or without tubing attached to the syringe. In the group with tubing, 8% more fluid was recovered. The difference was both statistically significant and clinically relevant given that 17.4% more diagnoses, 6.9% fewer complications, and 8.8% fewer technical failures were recorded. Based on these results, we recommend performing BAL using plastic tubing between the 50 mL syringe and the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope when carrying out manual instillation and suction.

Guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: predictors of adherence and outcome.

RATIONALE: Some studies highlight the association of better clinical responses with adherence to guidelines for empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but little is known about factors that influence this adherence. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to identify factors influencing adherence to the guidelines for empiric treatment of CAP, and to evaluate the impact of adherence on outcome. METHODS: We studied 1,288 patients with CAP admitted to 13 Spanish hospitals. Collected variables included the patients' clinical and demographic data, initial severity of the disease, antibiotic treatment, and specialty and training status of the prescribing physician. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Adherence to guidelines was high (79.7%), with significant differences between hospitals (range, 47-97%) and physicians (pneumologists, 81%; pneumology residents, 84%; nonpneumology residents, 82%; other specialists, 67%). The independent factors related to higher adherence were hospital, physician characteristics, and initial high-risk class of Fine, whereas admission to intensive care unit decreased adherence. Seventy-four patients died (6.1%), and treatment failure was found in 175 patients (14.2%). After adjusting for Fine risk class, adherence to the guidelines was found protective for mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3-0.9) and for treatment failure (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9). Treatment prescribed by pneumologists and residents was associated with lower treatment failure (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to guidelines mainly depends on the hospital and the specialty and training status of prescribing physicians. Nonadherence was higher in nonpneumology specialists, and is an independent risk factor for treatment failure and mortality.

Reaching stability in community-acquired pneumonia: the effects of the severity of disease, treatment, and the characteristics of patients.

BACKGROUND: The natural history of the resolution of infectious parameters in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is not completely known. The aim of our study was to identify those factors related to host characteristics, the severity of pneumonia, and treatment that influence clinical stability. METHODS: In a prospective, multicenter, observational study, we observed 1424 patients with CAP who were admitted to 15 Spanish hospitals. The main outcome variable was the number of days needed to reach clinical stability (defined as a temperature of or=90 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation >or=90% or arterial oxygen partial pressure of >or=60 mm Hg). RESULTS: The median time to stability was 4 days. A Cox proportional hazard model identified 6 independent variables recorded during the first 24 h after hospital admission related to the time needed to reach stability: dyspnea (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76), confusion (HR, 0.66), pleural effusion (HR, 0.67), multilobed CAP (HR, 0.72), high pneumonia severity index (HR, 0.73), and adherence to the Spanish guidelines for treatment of CAP (HR, 1.22). A second Cox model was performed that included complications and response to treatment. This model identified the following 10 independent variables: chronic bronchitis (HR, 0.81), dyspnea (HR, 0.79), confusion (HR, 0.61), multilobed CAP (HR, 0.84), initial severity of disease (HR, 0.73), treatment failure (HR, 0.31), cardiac complications (HR, 0.66), respiratory complications (HR, 0.77), empyema (HR, 0.57), and admission to the intensive care unit (HR, 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Some characteristics of CAP are useful at the time of hospital admission to identify patients who will need a longer hospital stay to reach clinical stability. Empirical treatment that follows guidelines is associated with earlier clinical stability. Complications and treatment failure delay clinical stability.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: survival and prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite improvements made in its early diagnosis and effective treatment, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains a devastating opportunistic infection. In this retrospective study we have reviewed all consecutive cases of IPA diagnosed in adult patients with hematologic malignancies in our center from 1995 to 2000 to determine survival and prognostic factors. DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty-one patients were included in the study. Ante-mortem classification of cases of IPA were: 4 definite, 10 highly probable, 19 probable and 8 possible cases; all these last eight patients were later upgraded to definite IPA at post-mortem examination. Clinical charts were reviewed and factors possibly affecting the outcome of IPA were analyzed. RESULTS: All but two patients received chemotherapy and/or immunosuppresive therapy before the onset of IPA (conventional chemotherapy = 24, allogeneic stem cell transplantation [SCT] = 12, autologous SCT = 3). At IPA diagnosis 28 patients were neutropenic (< 0.5 x 10(9)/L) for a median of 25 days (range 7-135), and 10 allogeneic SCT patients were receiving corticosteroids for graft-versus-host-disease. All but two patients received antifungal treatment for IPA. The median delay from diagnosis to start of therapy was two days (range 0-20). The median follow-up after the first symptom or sign of IPA was 42 days with a maximum follow-up of 61 months. The actuarial 4-month infection-free survival was 40% (95% CI 25% to 55%). Thirty-three patients died during follow-up and IPA was implicated in the patients' death in 24 cases (75%). In multivariate analysis prolonged survival was associated with recovery of neutropenia during treatment (p = 0.001) and not having received an allogeneic SCT (p = 0.003). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Despite prompt initiation of antifungal therapy, survival of patients with a hematologic malignancy and IPA is currently low. Perhaps the introduction of more sensitive diagnostic methods will allow the onset of intensive therapy prior to the appearance of more advanced clinical symptoms and/or radiological signs, and the time will come to test whether earlier and more intensive therapy will improve survival.

Necrotizing Aspergillosis of large airways: CT findings in eight patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the CT findings of pathologically proven necrotizing aspergillosis of the large airways (necrotizing Aspergillus bronchitis). METHOD: Medical records and imaging studies from two tertiary medical centers were reviewed for pathologically proven cases of necrotizing aspergillosis of the large airways. Fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination and CT scans of the chest were available in all cases. Two thoracic radiologists who were blinded to the clinical and pathologic data reviewed the thoracic CT scans retrospectively and reached a final decision. The CT images were evaluated for the presence, distribution, and extent of CT findings. RESULTS: The study included eight patients, seven men and one woman, ranging in age from 28 to 67 years (mean age 46 years). All patients had histopathologically proved necrotizing Aspergillus of the large airways and no other superimposed infections. Six patients had leukemia, one had chronic liver disease, and one had chronic obstructive lung disease. All patients had bronchial wall thickening and focal bronchial narrowing involving a lobar or segmental bronchus. The bronchial narrowing was irregular or nodular in seven patients and smooth in one. Atelectasis distal to a narrowed bronchus was present in five patients. CONCLUSION: The CT findings of necrotizing bronchial aspergillosis include bronchial wall thickening, which is often nodular, and narrowing of the bronchial lumen, which is often associated with distal atelectasis.

La broncoscopía en la neoplasia pulmonar periférica: resultados de una pauta diagnóstica / Bronchoscopy in peripheral lung neoplasia: results of a diagnostic guideline

La neoplasia pulmonar periférica, supone un reto diagnóstico para el neumólogo. Para su estudio dentro del campo endoscópico, existe una variedad de pruebas diagnósticas. Es importante pues, escoger un conjunto de técnicas que ofrezcan una buena relación costo-beneficio-riesgo. Presentamos los resultados obtenidos con una pauta diagnóstica consistente en la realización de una broncoscopía con control radioscópico, intento de cepillado de la lesión y posterior punción de la lesión si se establece un buen contacto. Broncoaspirado sistemático. El tiempo de radioscopía fue siempre inferior a 4 minutos. Este método se realizó en 84 casos de neoplasia pulmonar periférica, 38 con un diámetro inferior a 3 cm. El broncoaspirado fue positivo en el 54 porciento de los casos; el cepillado en el 51 porciento, de las 71 ocasiones en que el instrumento contactó con la lesión; la punción fue positiva en el 69 porciento de los 45 casos en que se realizó. En conjunto la broncoscopía fue diagnóstica en 58 casos (69 porciento). No se presentaron complicaciones. El cepillado bronquial, fue útil para conocer en un mínimo de tiempo, qué bronquio conduce a la lesión. La punción, cuando se pudo realizar satisfactoriamente, resultó ser la técnica más sensible. El broncoaspirado no incrementó la complejidad ni la duración de la exploración y ofreció un aceptable rendimiento diagnóstico. Estos resultados sugieren que dicha pauta endoscópica, obtiene un rendimiento diagnóstico satisfactorio, con una breve exposición radioscópica y una escasa morbilidad