Biodistribution of Detonation Synthesis Nanodiamonds in Mice after Intravenous Administration and Some Biochemical Changes in Blood Plasma.

Biodistribution of nanodiamonds in mice after intravenous administration, activities of AST and ALT, and the level of bilirubin in the blood plasma were studied in 2.5 h and 10, 35, and 97 days after injection of nanodiamonds. In 2.5 h after intravenous injection, nanodiamonds mainly accumulate in the lungs and liver. Then, redistribution of nanodiamonds from all organs to the liver was observed. Activities of AST and ALT and the level of bilirubin in the blood increased after 2.5 h and then decreased to the initial values.

Detection of Hispidin by a Luminescent System from Basidiomycete Armillaria borealis.

In in vitro experiments, the possibility of using a luminescent system extracted from the luminous fungus Armillaria borealis has been shown to detect and determine the concentration of hispidin. A linear dependence of the luminescent response on the content of hispidin in solutions in the concentration range of 5.4 × 10-5-1.4 × 10-2 µM was detected. The stability of the enzyme system and the high sensitivity of the bioluminescent reaction allows carrying out multiple measurements with the analyte detection limit of 1.3 × 10-11 g. The obtained results show the prospects of creating a rapid bioluminescent method for the analysis of medical substances or extracts from various biological objects for the presence of hispidin.

Detection of nanodiamonds in biological samples by EPR spectrometry.

In model experiments in vitro, the applicability of the EPR spectrometry method for the detection of modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) in blood and homogenates of mouse organs has been established. A characteristic signal (g = 2.003, ΔH ≈ 10 G) is observed in the samples of biomaterials containing MNDs, the intensity of which increases linearly with the concentration of nanoparticles in the range of 1.6-200 µg MNDs per 1 mL of the sample. The EPR method in biomaterials reveals the presence of intrinsic paramagnetic centers, signals from which are superimposed on the signal from the MNDs. However, the intensity of these signals is small, which makes it possible to register the MNDs using EPR spectrometry with the necessary accuracy. The data obtained open up the prospects of using the EPR method for studies of the interorgan distribution, accumulation, and elimination of MNDs during their intravenous injection into experimental animals.

Adsorption of viral particles from the blood plasma of patients with viral hepatitis on nanodiamonds.

Adsorption of viral particles from the blood plasma of patients with viral hepatitis B and C on modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) was shown in the in vitro experiments. PCR method showed the treatment of plasma with MNDs leads to a decrease in the viral load by 2-3 orders of magnitude or more in both cases studied. These results make it possible to predict the applicability of MNDs for the development of new technologies of hemodialysis and plasmapheresis for binding and removal of viral particles from the blood of infected patients.

Field emission luminescence of nanodiamonds deposited on the aligned carbon nanotube array.

Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) were deposited on the surface of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by immersing a CNT array in an aqueous suspension of NDs in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The structure and electronic state of the obtained CNT-ND hybrid material were studied using optical and electron microscopy and Infrared, Raman, X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. A non-covalent interaction between NDs and CNT and preservation of vertical orientation of CNTs in the hybrid were revealed. We showed that current-voltage characteristics of the CNT-ND cathode are changed depending on the applied field; below ~3 V/µm they are similar to those of the initial CNT array and at the higher field they are close to the ND behavior. Involvement of the NDs in field emission process resulted in blue luminescence of the hybrid surface at an electric field higher than 3.5 V/µm. Photoluminescence measurements showed that the NDs emit blue-green light, while blue luminescence prevails in the CNT-ND hybrid. The quenching of green luminescence was attributed to a partial removal of oxygen-containing groups from the ND surface as the result of the hybrid synthesis.

Effects of nanodiamonds of explosive synthesis on the skin of experimental animals locally exposed to cobalt and chrome ions.

Experiments in vivo demonstrated the protective effect of modified nanodiamonds on guinea pig skin after local exposure cobalt ions, but not chrome ions. The observed differences are determined by different adsorption of these ions by nanodiamonds: in vitro experiments showed that nanodiamonds adsorbed cobalt ions, but not chrome ions from water solutions. The perspectives of using modified nanodiamonds as a new adsorbent for prevention of allergic contact dermatitis induced by ions of bivalent metals are discussed.

Effects of modified detonation nanodiamonds on the biochemical composition of human blood.

In vitro experiments showed that protein and non-protein components of human blood serum could be absorbed on the surface of modified nanodiamonds obtained by detonation synthesis. The prospects of using nanodiamond as a new absorbent for hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, and laboratory diagnostics are discussed.

[The effect of modified nano-diamonds of detonation synthesis on the protein fractions of human blood].

It is established that the modified nano-diamonds of detonation synthesis are able to bind serum proteins of human blood. The relative selectivity is established concerning the effect of modified nano-diamonds of detonation synthesis on beta2- and gamma-globulin fractions of serum. The evidence of concentration dependence of effect of modified nano-diamonds of detonation synthesis from serum proteins is established. The study results make it possible to consider modified nano-diamonds of detonation synthesis as a potential sorbent in technologies of hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, isolation of blood proteins and as a foundation for development of new systems of laboratory diagnostic.

Nanodiamonds as Carriers for Address Delivery of Biologically Active Substances.

Surface of detonation nanodiamonds was functionalized for the covalent attachment of immunoglobulin, and simultaneously bovine serum albumin and Rabbit Anti-Mouse Antibody. The nanodiamond-IgG(I125) and RAM-nanodiamond-BSA(I125) complexes are stable in blood serum and the immobilized proteins retain their biological activity. It was shown that the RAM-nanodiamond-BSA(I125) complex is able to bind to the target antigen immobilized on the Sepharose 6B matrix through antibody-antigen interaction. The idea can be extended to use nanodiamonds as carriers for delivery of bioactive substances (i.e., drugs) to various targets in vivo.

[Growth and bioluminescence of luminous bacteria under the action of aflatoxin B1 before and after its treatment with nanodiamonds].

The effect of aflatoxin B1 on growth and luminescence of marine luminous bacteria P. phosphoreum and recombinant E. coli Z905 cells was investigated. The bidirectional effect of aflatoxin B1 on the studied bacterial species was detected--an inhibition of luminescence in P. phosphoreum and its stimulation in E. coli. It was shown that aflatoxin B1 influences the cell luminescence in the freshly grown cultures and bacteria restored after lyophilization. It was detected that the effect of aflatoxin B1 was graded after interaction with the modified nanodiamond (MND) of detonation synthesis. After mycotoxin's treatment with MND, it does not cause significant changes in bacterial luminescence. The possibilities for the use of P. phosphoreum and E. coli bacteria in the bioluminescent monitoring of aflatoxin B1 and the use of MND for mycotoxin deactivation are discussed.

The interaction of linear and ring forms of DNA molecules with nanodiamonds synthesized by detonation.

Nanodiamonds synthesized by detonation have been found not to immobilize the ring form of pUC19 plasmid DNA. Linear pUC19 molecules with blunt ends, prepared by restriction of the initial ring form of pUC19 DNA, and linear 0.25-10 kb DNA fragments are adsorbed on nanodiamonds. The amount of adsorbed linear DNA molecules depends on the size of the molecules and the size of the nanodiamond clusters.