An observational study of the blood use in combat casualties of the French Armed Forces, 2013-2021.

BACKGROUND: The French Armed Forces conduct asymmetric warfare in the Sahara-Sahel Strip. Casualties are treated with damage control resuscitation to the extent possible. Questions remain about the feasibility and sustainability of using blood for wider use in austere environments. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all French military trauma patients transfused after injury in overseas military operations in Sahel-Saharan Strip, from the point of injury, until day 7, between January 11, 2013 to December 31, 2021. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were transfused. Twenty-three (51%) of them required four red blood cells units (RBC) or more in the first 24H defining a severe hemorrhage. The median blood product consumption within the first 48 h, was 8 (IQR [3; 18]) units of blood products (BP) for all study population but up to 17 units (IQR [10; 27.5]) for the trauma patients with severe hemorrhage. Transfusion started at prehospital stage for 20 patients (45%) and included several blood products: French lyophilized plasma, RBCs, and whole blood. Patients with severe hemorrhage required a median of 2 [IQR 0; 34] further units of BP from day 3 to day 7 after injury. Eight patients died in theater, 4 with severe hemorrhage and these 4 used an average of 12 products at Role 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: The transfusion needs were predominant in the first 48 h after the injury but also continued throughout the first week for the most severe trauma patients. Importantly, our study involved a low-intensity conflict, with a small number of injured combatants.

Step by step transfusion timeline and its challenges in trauma: A retrospective study in a level one trauma center.

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock is the leading cause of preventable early death in trauma patients. Transfusion management is guided by international guidelines promoting early and aggressive transfusion strategies. This study aimed to describe transfusion timelines in a trauma center and to identify key points to performing early and efficient transfusions. METHODS: This is a monocentric retrospective study of 108 severe trauma patients, transfused within the first 48 h and hospitalized in an intensive care unit between January 2017 and May 2019. RESULTS: One hundred and eight patients were transfused with 1250 labile blood products. Half of these labile blood products were transfused within 3 h of admission and consumed by 26 patients requiring massive transfusion (≥4 red blood cells [RBC] within 1 h). Among these, the median delay from patient's admission to labile blood products prescription was -11 min (-34 to -1); from admission to delivery of labile blood products was 1 min (-20 to 16); and from admission to first transfusion was 20 min (7-37) for RBC, 26 min (13-38) for plasma, and 72 min (51-103) for platelet concentrates. The anticipated prescription of labile blood products and the use of massive transfusion packs and lyophilized plasma units were associated with earlier achievement of high transfusion ratios. CONCLUSION: This study provides detailed data on the transfusion timelines and composition, from prescription to initial transfusion. Transfusion anticipation, use of preconditioned transfusion packs including platelets, and lyophilized plasma allow rapid and high-ratio transfusion practices in severe trauma patients.

European standard internal telephone number 2222 for in-hospital emergency calls: A national survey in all French military training hospitals.

Background: In 2016, three European scientific societies called for standardization to the "2222" as a European unique phone number in case of in-hospital emergencies. This study describes the management of in-hospital emergency calls in all French military training hospitals and aims to detail their original transition, for the first time in France, to the "2222". Methods: An electronic standardized questionnaire was emailed to heads of rapid response teams in the eight French military training hospitals. Results: All participants answered the questionnaire (100%). The eight French military training hospitals had a specific procedure for management of in-hospital emergencies. Six hospitals already used a unique phone number for in-hospital emergencies, but none of them were using the 2222 in March 2019. Two hospitals still used several phone numbers for in-hospital emergencies, mainly due to historical and local arrangements. Rapid response teams included at least a physician and a nurse. There was a discussion to switch to "2222" as the unique phone number for in-hospital emergencies in two hospitals. In both, the discussions involved hospital executive officers, medical teams, rapid response teams and technical teams leading to a step-by-step transition. Finally, in October 2019, these two hospitals launched the "2222" procedure for in-hospital emergencies. Conclusion: This study found a large disparity in the eight French military training hospitals, concerning in-hospital emergency protocols. Two French military training hospitals launched the "2222" procedure for the first time in France. Further efforts are still needed to continue to promote the use of the 2222 as a European unique phone number for in-hospital emergencies.

The French Pre-Deployment Advanced Course in Anesthesia and Resuscitation: Development and Future Prospects.

INTRODUCTION: Military anesthesiologists from the French Military Medical Service (FMMS) are part of the Forward Surgical Teams deployed in overseas military operations. The practice of anesthesia in combat zones requires specific skills that are not taught during the initial curriculum for French civilian anesthesiologist. The Pre-Deployment Advanced Course in Anesthesia and Resuscitation (DACAR) program was developed to prepare military anesthesiologist from the FMMS before their deployment in overseas military operations. METHODS: Created in 2013 by the French Military Medical Academy, the DACAR program is divided into two modules and carried out once a year. The DACAR program trains all military anesthesiologist residents at the end of their curricula. Since 2019, a number of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists have completed the DACAR program. The DACAR program is organized around the main axes of experience feedback from previous deployments in combat zones as well as didactic learning and practical training using high-fidelity simulation. RESULTS: Since 2013, a total of 99 trainees completed the DACAR program during six complete cycles of two modules. The DACAR program has gradually been enriched from 14 courses in 2013 to 28 in 2019. Participants' reported satisfaction rates have increased steadily since 2016, when 88% of courses were rated as "interesting" or "very interesting," and only 4% as "not very interesting." By 2019, those figures had improved to 96% and 2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The DACAR program is a structured and adapted military medical course aimed at completing the curriculum of military anesthesiologists from the FMMS before deployment in overseas military operations. Regular audits and updates ensure that the DACAR training program maintains the highest standards of quality and rigor.

Resistance against herbicide isoxaben and cellulose deficiency caused by distinct mutations in same cellulose synthase isoform CESA6.

Isoxaben is a pre-emergence herbicide that inhibits cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants. Two loci identified by isoxaben-resistant mutants (ixr1-1, ixr1-2, and ixr2-1) in Arabidopsis have been reported previously. IXR1 was recently shown to encode the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit CESA3 (W.-R. Scheible, R. Eshed, T. Richmond, D. Delmer, and C. Somerville [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 10079-10084). Here, we report on the cloning of IXR2, and show that it encodes another cellulose synthase isoform, CESA6. ixr2-1 carries a mutation substituting an amino acid close to the C terminus of CESA6 that is highly conserved among CESA family members. Transformation of wild-type plants with the mutated gene and not with the wild-type gene conferred increased resistance against the herbicide. The simplest interpretation for the existence of these two isoxaben-resistant loci is that CESA3 and CESA6 have redundant functions. However, loss of function procuste1 alleles of CESA6 were previously shown to have a strong growth defect and reduced cellulose content in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls. This indicates that in these mutants, the presence of CESA3 does not compensate for the absence of CESA6 in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls, which argues against redundant functions for CESA3 and CESA6. Together, these observations are compatible with a model in which CESA6 and CESA3 are active as a protein complex.